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Volume 42 Issue 6
Dec.  2023
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2023  >  42(6): 1149-1160
LIU Xinze, ZHANG Qingming, SUN Dong, TANG Shu, TIAN Changbao, HUANG Heping, ZHOU Yaping, XIONG Yuxia, LIANG Xinyu, FAN Jiajun, FAN Ming, CHEN Hongwei. Analysis of water environment dynamic characteristics and travertine deposition capacity in Huanglong core scenic spots[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(6): 1149-1160. doi: 10.11932/karst20230602
Citation: LIU Xinze, ZHANG Qingming, SUN Dong, TANG Shu, TIAN Changbao, HUANG Heping, ZHOU Yaping, XIONG Yuxia, LIANG Xinyu, FAN Jiajun, FAN Ming, CHEN Hongwei. Analysis of water environment dynamic characteristics and travertine deposition capacity in Huanglong core scenic spots[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(6): 1149-1160. doi: 10.11932/karst20230602
shu

Analysis of water environment dynamic characteristics and travertine deposition capacity in Huanglong core scenic spots

doi: 10.11932/karst20230602
  • 1.

    Sichuan Geological Environment Survey and Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China

  • 2.

    Huanglong National Scenic Spot Administration, Songpan, Sichuan 623300, China

  • Received Date: 2022-10-14
  • Accepted Date: 2023-06-02
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-02-27
    • Available Online: 2023-12-28
    Abstract
  • The Huanglong scenic area, a World Natural Heritage, is located in the east of Songpan county, Aba Xizang and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. It is a typical landscape plateau of cold-water travertine. Water in travertine landscape, as the most important carrier, controls the formation and evolution of travertine. Yuan Daoxian, Liu Zaihua, et al., from Institute of Karst, Chinese Academy of Geoscience, studied the source, sedimentary mechanism and influencing factors of the sedimentary process of travertine, which laid the foundation for the geological study of Huanglong travertine. In recent years, affected by the increasing human activities, the water environment in the Huanglong scenic area has deteriorated, resulting in local degradation of travertine landscape. Therefore, this study has been conducted to effectively assess the hydrochemical environment and the deposition capacity of travertine in Huanglong core scenic spots, and to analyze the change characteristics of hydrochemical field in these spots, thus providing corresponding support for the subsequent research on technology of travertine landscape conservation. The research area covers all the core scenic spots of Huanglong, from Zhuanghua pool to Fujiang river. In this study, field investigation, water quality monitoring, flow monitoring and analysis of historical monitoring data were used to evaluate the water environment and explore its influence on travertine deposition. A total of 14 monitoring sites covers all springs and surface water related to the water cycle. The indexes such as pH, temperature, Ec, Ca2+ and HCO$_3^{−}$ were measured on site. Other indexes of water quality such as PO$_4^{3-}$, Cl−, SO$_4^{2-}$, NO$_3^{−}$, NO$_2^{−}$, NH$_4^{+}$, K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were collected and sent to the laboratory for testing according to requirements. The rainfall and water quantity data before 2017 were provided by Huanglong Scientific Research Office, and the data from 2018 to 2021 were obtained by the authors through long-term monitoring. Research findings show: (1) The Zhuanhuachi springs are the main calcium and carbon source of travertine deposition in the area. They, together with surface water in Huanglong valley, constitute the water source boosting the development and evolution of travertine landscape. The main sources of water recharge for Huanglong valley and Zhuanhuachi springs are rainfall and meltwater of snow. (2) Since 1999, the flow rate of Zhuanhuachi springs has increased steadily and then to the maximum. The water quality is extremely stable with average pH of 6.6, average water temperature of 6.7℃, average Ca2+ of 208 mg·L−1. The SIc is generally in an unsaturated state. The historical maximum water volume in the past 30 years appeared in 2020, with an average daily water volume of 9,998.09 m3·d−1 from April to November. The water volume has experienced a slow downward trend since 2021. From 1999 to 2017, the annual average daily water volume of Zhuanhuachi springs was 7,817 m3·d−1, and the annual variation of the average daily water volume was about ±1,500 m3·d−1. The annual average daily flow from 2018 to 2020 was 9,368 m3·d−1. (3) In 2018, linear TOC anomaly zones appeared in the area of Zhuanhuachi springs, and the main anomaly points occurred at the spring mouths of No.1, No.2, No.4 and No.6. The main reason was the grazing activities from Sandao lawn to Toudao lawn in the upper reaches of Huanglong valley. The manure produced by cattle contained a large amount of organic carbon (about 15%), which dissolved in water under the effect of rainfall leaching. As the water circulation entered the groundwater and migrated to the area of Zhuanhuachi springs, the deposition rate of travertine decreased. The TOC anomaly approximately disappeared at the north of the Zhuanhuachi springs. (4) The core scenic spots of Huanglong experienced rapid degassing from upstream to downstream. SIc increased significantly, and the concentration of HCO$_3^{−}$ decreased considerably in the first cycle. But there was little change in the north of Yuye spring. The decrease of Ca2+ can be divided into two stages. In the first cycle section (from Zhuanhuachi springs to Yuye spring), the concentration of calcium ions decreased obviously, and there were more travertine deposits. The deposition rate of travertine in the lower reaches of Yuye spring was stable, and the ions concentration decreased linearly. (5) Landscape water in each water cycle segment in the area still shows a certain depositional capacity, because the dilution of heavy rainfall reduced the depositional capacity of travertine. The SIc value decreased in 2019. The water environment of Huanglong core scenic spots is stable with a good capacity of travertine deposition, which maintains spring overflow, strong degassing and rapid deposition. Influenced by animal husbandry and rainfall, the deposition capacity of travertine decreased slightly. It is suggested to strengthen the protection for the conservation area of travertine spring source and reduce the influence of grazing activities on it.

     

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