Hydrological driving characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen losses under different land use modes on karst slopes

REN Huimin; FU Zhiyong; WANG Fa; CHEN Hongsong

doi:10.11932/karst20230107

Volume 42 Issue 1

Feb. 2023

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REN Huimin, FU Zhiyong, WANG Fa, CHEN Hongsong. Hydrological driving characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen losses under different land use modes on karst slopes[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(1): 84-93. doi: 10.11932/karst20230107

Citation:

REN Huimin, FU Zhiyong, WANG Fa, CHEN Hongsong. Hydrological driving characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen losses under different land use modes on karst slopes[J]. CARSOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 42(1): 84-93. doi: 10.11932/karst20230107

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Hydrological driving characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen losses under different land use modes on karst slopes

doi: 10.11932/karst20230107

REN Huimin^{1, 2, 3
,},
FU Zhiyong^{1, 2
,
,},
WANG Fa^{1, 2, 3},
CHEN Hongsong^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
2.
Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100, China
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received Date: 2021-03-16

Abstract

Abstract

There is no direct contact between shallow soil and underlying carbonate rock in karst slope. Due to the unique karst processes in the karst hillslopes, in the process of secondary rainfall, overland flow and subsurface flow jointly drive the migration of key biogenic materials in the soil rock profile, resulting in the decrease of soil productivity and groundwater pollution in this area. However, the main migration pathways and driving mechanisms of soil carbon and nitrogen loss under different land use modes remain unclear. Based on a complete hydrological annual rainfall runoff-nutrient monitoring from 6 different land use experimental hillslopes (burned land, light felling land, heavy felling land, planted forest, farmland and grassland), we took the slope runoff micro-area (2 m×1.2 m) of Huanjiang Karst Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences as the research object. This study analyzed the loss path, loss form and average loss of soil TN and Toc driven by the near-surface multi-interface lateral hydrological processes (surface runoff, lateral flow from Layer A and lateral flow below the layer). Results show that the karst slope has a high soil infiltration coefficient, and the soil carbon and nitrogen loss per unit area is positively correlated with rainfall. Rainfall is the main driving factor of soil carbon and nitrogen loss. The threshold rainfall of nutrient loss driven by runoff is 16 mm, and the peak rainfall is 55 mm, indicating that the karst slope shows the characteristics of nutrient loss driven by full runoff. There are significant differences of soil carbon and nitrogen loss among different land use modes, but only under heavy rainfall. Compared with other land use mods, planted forest can improve canopy interception, increase transpiration and infiltration, and thus weaken the surface flow production. However, research results also show that the soil carbon and nitrogen loss of planted forest is relatively large, which on the one hand is related to the single vegetation type, high surface exposure, and fast soil surface saturation; on the other hand, the channels formed by the interpenetration of plant roots have natural continuity and are interconnected with other channels in the soil to form a huge water transport network and promote the occurrence of runoff. Therefore, species suitable for karst areas should be cultivated; the allocation of shrub and grass species at the bottom of canopy should be strengthened; and moderate human interference should be carried out to optimize plant community structure and reduce the risk of soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In this study, it is found that the soil carbon and nitrogen loss of heavy felling land is relatively small. During the process of heavy felling and root removal, the original pores of soil were destroyed, which had a negative impact on the occurrence of preferential flow and near-surface flow. The higher soil carbon and nitrogen loss in farmland and grassland is related to fertilization in tillage period, but the difference between them is not significant, indicating that conservation tillage is beneficial to soil microbial activities and thus improve soil fertility. Combined with the effect of fertilization, the difference in nutrient loss driven by hydrological processes may be concealed. Meanwhile, surface filling increase, thus reducing the near-surface loss. Land use modes do not change the path of soil carbon and nitrogen loss. The soil carbon and nitrogen in the slope of karst dolomite mainly loss through the surface (51.29%-75.15%), because the pores and joints in the dolomite area are evenly distributed and the water-barrier layer is easy to be generated and the permeability is good under the dual influence of physical weathering and tectonic forces. At the same time, the monitoring results of soil flow show that the flow loss in Layer A is much higher than that below Layer A, which is related to nutrient enrichment in Layer A on the one hand. On the other hand, the flow generation in karst areas follows the theory of interfacial flow generation, and the permeability of Layer A is much higher than that below Layer A. ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N is the main form of soil carbon and nitrogen loss under different land use experimental hillslopes (45.84%-56.49%). The results of this study can provide reference for revealing the process of biogenic material loss and its hydrologic driving mechanism in karst slope, and developing the prevention and control technology of soil loss and non-point source pollution.
- karst ecosystem,
- human disturbance,
- non-point source polution,
- carbon and nitrogen loss,
- soil flow.

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References

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Hydrological driving characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen losses under different land use modes on karst slopes

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