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Volume 41 Issue 1
Feb.  2022
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Article Navigation >  CARSOLOGICA SINICA  > 2022  >  41(1): 13-20
LIU Daohan,ZHANG Xin,HE Jun,et al.Study on the application of surface nuclear magnetic resonance in the detection of karst collapse in Wuhan[J].Carsologica Sinica,2022,41(01):13-20. doi: 10.11932/karst20220101
Citation: LIU Daohan,ZHANG Xin,HE Jun,et al.Study on the application of surface nuclear magnetic resonance in the detection of karst collapse in Wuhan[J].Carsologica Sinica,2022,41(01):13-20. doi: 10.11932/karst20220101
shu

Study on the application of surface nuclear magnetic resonance in the detection of karst collapse in Wuhan

doi: 10.11932/karst20220101
  • 1.

    Wuhan Center， China Geological Survey， Wuhan， Hubei 430205， China

  • 2.

    Central South China Center for Geoscience Innovation， Wuhan， Hubei 430074， China

  • 3.

    Hubei Land Resources Vocational College， Wuhan， Hubei 430090， China

Funds:

 42107485

 2020YFC1512460, 2018YFC800804

 DD20190282, DD20221734

  • Received Date: 2020-04-20
  • Publish Date: 2022-02-25
    Abstract
  • As one of the common geological disasters in the covered karst area， karst collapse is a major geological environmental problem that restricts the urban planning and construction of Wuhan. It is recorded that the karst collapse in Wuhan first occurred in Dinggong street， Wuchang district in 1931. Till 2019， 33 karst collapses （36 times） have occurred in Wuhan， which directly threatens the safety of people’s lives and property. Previous studies show that groundwater is one of the most active elements， playing an important role in the formation and development of ground karst collapse. Therefore， exploring the occurrence state of groundwater， structural characteristics of aquifers， and hydrogeological conditions is of great significance for the study of karst collapse mechanism.Compared with the direct hydrogeological characterization such as drilling， hydrogeophysical methods supply cost-effective and dense spatial information about groundwater systems. Electrical， electromagnetic （EM） and surface-wave techniques have been widely used to noninvasively detect aquifer properties and to improve hydrogeological models. However， the validity of such methods is somewhat limited and their interpretation is non-unique as they are only indirectly sensitive to the hydrogeological parameters such as water content， hydraulic conductivity， transmissivity and porosity. At present， Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance （SNMR） is the only geophysical method to directly detect groundwater， which has unique advantages of high sensitivity， high efficiency and non-destruction in groundwater detection. Similar to medical MRI， NMR is applied as surface NMR （SNMR）， borehole NMR （BNMR）， and laboratory NMR （lab-NMR） in geophysics. During the last decade， SNMR has experienced great advancement in instrumentation improvement， signal processing， forward modeling and inversion techniques.In this paper， we presented the potential of SNMR in detecting the underground aquifer in the karst collapse area， and carried out exploration experiments inside and outside the karst collapse area in Wuhan. In order to efficiently obtain high-quality data， reference coils were placed to suppress noise signals， and the multi-channel （four to eight channel） SNMR system called GMR were used， which may have the shortest instrument dead time （less than or equal to 5 ms）. The NMR signal detected by the GMR system was generated by nuclear spins associated with hydrogen nuclei in water， which will emit a radio-frequency （RF） signal when subjected to a perturbation in the background magnetic field. Therefore， the GMR system can only detect meaningful signals when groundwater is present within a detectable distance of the surface coil loops. In determining survey geometry， we laid out square-shaped detection coil with 50 m， and we also laid out two noise cancellation coils to simultaneously detect the same far field noise recorded on the detection coil （without the NMR signal） so that the NMR signal in the detection coil can be isolated from the noise. The Single Pulse FID pulse sequence and short pulse length of 20 ms were closed to get the short relaxation time response from fine sand layer， and the number of stacks was 16 to average for each pulse moment. When the data collection was over， we used the “GMR QC” program to cancel noise and perform basic signal processing and conditioning steps， including executing bandpass to filter the raw GMR data to the desired bandwidth. We performed adaptive noise cancellation by using data from the reference coil channels to cancel noise on the detection coil channels， examined each complete stack of data to visually identify， rejected individual data records with excessive noise， and merged the full set of GMR sounding data into a single， stacked and filtered data file that was ready for inversion. Finally， we used the “GMR 1D Inversion” program to estimate and image water content and other hydrological parameters as a function of depth such as T2* relaxation rate， bound and free water content. On the basis of analyzing the karst development characteristics and the mechanism of karst collapse occurring in Wuhan， we tried using the data of underground water content and relaxation time from SNMR to discuss the distribution of aquifer porosity and relationship between karst water and overburden pore water. Meanwhile， the hydrogeological characteristics of the interval are combined with the relaxation time parameters to analyze the filling of karst fissures inside and outside the collapse area.The results show multiple advantages of SNMR in karst collapse detection. Firstly， the inversed water content can help to delimit the buried depth of the aquifer top and floor， determine the thickness of the aquifer， and quantify the water abundance characteristics of the aquifer. Secondly， the relaxation time indicates the porosity of aquifer， which can provide a reference for the analysis of the caprock structure， the degree of karst development， and the filling of karst fractures. Thirdly， according to the SNMR result inside and outside the collapse area， the geological environment characteristics such as stratigraphic structure and karst development can be compared and analyzed， so as to provide a basis for the mechanism research of ground karst collapse. Combined with the drilling data， the feasibility of SNMR in the detection of underground aquifer in karst collapse area is verified.

     

    • LIU Daohan,ZHANG Xin,HE Jun,et al.Study on the application of surface nuclear magnetic resonance in the detection of karst collapse in Wuhan[J].Carsologica Sinica,2022,41(01):13-20.
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