Geological models classification of deformation and failures for collapses and landslides in karst mountainous areas

The special engineering hydrology structure in karst mountainous areas results in extremely developed geological disasters such as collapses， landslides and debris flow， which bring about serious casualties and economic and social losses. It is of great theoretical and application values for risk prevention and management in such areas to study characteristics of these hazards and establish corresponding geological models. This article systematically analyzes the geological background， influencing factors and dynamics and kinematics characteristics of collapses and landslides in the study area， and establishes geological models of deformation and failures taking the formation and evolution of typical collapses and landslides as examples. Results show that， （1） the factors that affect and reflect the characteristics of collapses and landslides can be divided into basic factors including gravity potential energy， rock group structure， karst structural planes， slope topography， slope stucture； and influencing factors such as hydrogeological conditions， engineering activities， earthquakes， rainfall and deformation movement characteristics （movement forms and deformation mechanisms）. Based on these， a comprehensive index system of collapses and landslides is established. （2） Systematic analyis on each element in the model system suggests that the occurrence of collapse and landslide hazards is the result of the combination and interaction of various elements. （3） Combined with typical cases of collapse and landslide hazards in the study area， five typical geological models are established. They are the high potential energy-anti-dipping-rainfall induced high-speed long-distance landslide-debris flow model， high potential energy-oblique tilting direction-mining induced high-speed long-distance landslide model， ultra-high potential energy-lateral steep seismic induced high-speed long-range landslide model， high potential energy mining induced high-speed collapse-debris flow model， and the low potential energy-differential weathering collapse model. These geological models lay the foundation for subsequent physical simulation， numerical modeling， stability calculation and deformation and failure prediction. The next step is to build more comprehensive models of collapse and landslide hazards in the study area and carry out the risk classification of these hazards.