中国岩溶

Application of hydrochemistry coupled with stable isotopes in the study of karst water hydrogeology

GAO Xubo, XIANG Xuanli, HOU Baojun, GAO Liebo, ZHANG Jianyou, ZHANG Songtao, LI Chengcheng, JIANG Chunfang

2020, 39(5): 629-636. doi: 10.11932/karst2020y26

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Hydrochemistry coupled with stable isotopes is widely used in the research of karst water systems，especially in terms of interpretation of hydrogeochemical processes，constraints on the recharge，tracing of solutes migration and evaluation of the regeneration capacity of karst water. This paper reviews the basic theory and application of stable isotopes such as δD，δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr in the study of karst water hydrogeology at home and abroad. Two cases, the Niangziguan karst spring catchment and Xishan karst water system，are presented to show the way that applying this method to analyze and study the recharge of karst water system. The application prospect of this technology in the field of karst hydrogeology and karst ecological environment is overviewed.

Hydrogeological conditions and characteristics of water-rich sections in the eastern Laiwu basin, Shandong Province

LI Bo, WANG Jinxiao, WU Xuan, LIU Chunwei, XU Congcong, LUO Fei, TENG Yue

2020, 39(5): 637-649. doi: 10.11932/karst2020y34

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Based on an 1∶50,000 hydrogeological survey, this work details the hydrogeological conditions of the eastern Laiwu basin, Shandong Province. The groundwater in this area is divided into four types, pore water in loose rocks, karsticfissure water in carbonate rocks, fissure-pore water in clastic rocks and fissure water in magmatic and metamorphic rocks. Then this paper summarizes their water abundance, and analyzes the characteristics of groundwater recharge, runoff, discharge and dynamic change, the characteristics of karst development in the area. It is found that the karst is concentrated above the depth of 200 m in the subsurface, dominated by dissolution cracks and honeycomb karst holes. The water-controlling structures include the Qingnigou fault, Xinglongshan-Gaoyupu fault and Tongyedian-Sunzu fault. Three karst water-rich sections are suggested, i.e. Dongquan, Qingnigou and Zhangbaqiu, each has distinct water-rich mechanism and permissive mining yield. These results provide a reference for reasonable exploitation of groundwater in this area.

Study on the recharge source of karst groundwater in Jinan city based on hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics

PENG Kai, LIU Wen, WEI Shanming, LIU Chuane, CHEN Yan, DONG Hao, SU Dong, YUAN Wei, HAN Lin

2020, 39(5): 650-657. doi: 10.11932/karst20200501

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Hydrochemistry and isotopes can be used to study the recharge and discharge characteristics of groundwater and make up for the shortcomings of other methods. As a typical karst area in north China, there are many springs in Jinan city. The research on the source of groundwater in this area can provide a reliable basis for the spring protection. In this paper, hydrochemical parameters and isotopes 2H, 18O, 87Sr/86Sr, 13C and 14C are used to examine sources of four springs and geothermal water in Jinan. The results show that the cold karst water are dominated by HCO3-Ca and HCO3·SO4-Ca types, while the geothermal water is mainly SO4-Ca in chemistry. In dry seasons, the recharge ratio of indirect recharge area to springs is about 66.00%~73.58%, and the direct recharge area only accounts for 26.42%~34.00% of the total. The main source of spring water in dry seasons is karst groundwater in the indirect recharge area. Geothermal water is supplied by Pleistocene precipitation since Pleistocene time, which is mixed groundwater formed by precipitation during different periods. The supply area should be Zhangxia or Chaomidian-Sanshanzi formation at high elevations about 350-550 m.

Structural characteristics of karst groundwater system beneath Jinfoshan, Nanchuan district, Chongqing City

LIN Yongsheng, DU Yuchao, ZOU Shengzhang, FAN Lianjie, QUAN Xiqiang

2020, 39(5): 658-664. doi: 10.11932/karst20200502

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The purpose of this work was to clarify hydraulic linkage between every cave and structural characteristics of the karst groundwater system beneath Jinfoshan, Nanchuan district,Chongqing City. Multiple-element tracer tests were conducted in December 2016,in which the Rhodamine B was used as the tracer,and was injected into the Yaochiba sinkhole. A high-resolution online tracer technique was employed to determine the hydraulic connection between the drainage system of Yaochiba sinkhole and Shuifang spring. The duration curves of the tracer show a multi-peak shape, implying existence of a possible single-channel-type karst lake of a certain scale. Then tracers uranine and Rhodamine B were placed at groundwater flows of the Jinfo cave and Yangkou cave, respectively. Using a high-resolution fluorophotometer, online monitoring was conducted at the Yanzi cave. Results indicate that there is s hydroaulic relations between Jinfo cave ,Yanzi cave, and Yanzi cave, respectively, and the duration curves of the tracers all exhibit a jump shap.It is speculated that the underground water passage may be a multiple-channel-type with a certain scale of karst pools.

Generalization method of karst underground river in SWAT：An example of the Daotian river watershed in Bijie, Guizhou

ZHANG Chengpeng, ZHANG Fenge, GENG Xinxin, JI Junjie, CHEN Yongkang

2020, 39(5): 665-672. doi: 10.11932/karst20200503

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The existence of karst underground rivers seriously affect the general applicability of Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) in karst areas. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a method based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) preprocessing combined with SWAT watershed automatic recognition function. It exposes the karst underground river to the surface, and simplifies the complex surface underground binary structure into a surface unitary structure. The application of this method is demonstrated by an example of the Daotian River watershed in Bijie, Guizhou Province. The results show that， (1) compared with the model established without generalization, the area of the basin identified by the model is increased by 30.73%, the number of subbasins increased by 29.27%, and the number of hydrological response units increased by 43.82%, respectively； (2)When the parameters are taken as the maximum range of physical significance, the p-factor of the model established without generalization is 0.64, showing a good SWAT model can not be established without using this method to generalize the underground river； (3) The SWAT model with the generalized underground river is used to perform simulation with a month step length. It yields calibration period R2 = 0.96, NS = 0.96, validation period R2 = 0.94, and NS= 0.93, indicating a good result. The generalization method of karst underground river makes SWAT both in watershed division and simulation more reasonable.

Preliminary study on the construction of evaluation index system of karst wetland degradation

SONG Tao, YU Xiaoying, ZOU Shengzhang, ZHANG Liankai, ZHOU Changsong, ZHAO Yi, SHEN Lina

2020, 39(5): 673-681. doi: 10.11932/karst20200504

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There are large quantity of wetlands over the karst areas in southwestern China. Among them, the Huixian karst wetland is one of the largest karst wetlands, a largest natural wetland developed in the area with low-altitude and mid-latitude in the tropical and subtropical region. This wetland has played an important role in preserving water and ecological resources in the karst area. In recent years, due to the vulnerability of the karst wetland and the impact of human activities, the total area of the Huixian wetland has gradually reduced. As a result, the ecosystem of the wetland has been seriously damaged, characterized by severe degradation in ecological function. Thus, the protection and restoration of the Huixian karst wetland has become the focus of human attention. In order to better protect the wetland resources and ensure the health and sustainable development of the wetland, it is of great significance to construct an evaluation index system in line with the characteristics of the Huixian wet karst, and to conduct an objective, scientific and quantitative evaluation of the degradation of the Huixian wetland. In this study, firstly, we examined the unique karst characteristics in relation to the wetland, and then screened out the main factors affecting the health of the wetland.On this basis, the index system for the wetland assessment was established, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in which the weight of each affecting factor was also determined. At the same time, through analyzing relevant research data and relevant standards associated with the wetland, the wetland degradation grades, together with evaluation methods, were proposed in this study. Finally a set of karst wetland degradation evaluation index system with 3 levels (target level, criterion level, index level) and 18 evaluation indexes was constructed. The construction of this index system fully combined the special hydrogeological driving factors of karst wetlands (rocky desertification, soil erosion, karst development, etc.) and the actual conditions of the wetland (geographical location, land use, etc.), with typical karst characteristics, which can be used in the health evaluation of typical karst wetlands and sustainable development protection, providing theoretical support for the protection and restoration of karst wetlands.

Study on the monthly dynamic change of soil respiration rate of plum trees with different planting ages in rocky desertification area

ZHOU Mengxia, MO Biqin, YANG Hui

2020, 39(5): 682-688. doi: 10.11932/karst20200505

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Soil respiration is the main process of soil carbon emission and an important factor affecting the dynamic change of soil carbon pool and atmospheric carbon pool. The amount of soil respiration determines the source and sink of soil carbon pool to a certain extent. It is of great significance to understand the mechanism of soil organic carbon accumulation, via studying the dynamic changes of soil respiration in fruit trees with different planting ages in karst areas. In this study, the soils samples of plum trees with different planting ages (i.e. 2 a, 5 a and 20 a, respectively) in the process of rocky desertification control in Gongcheng county, Guilin were selected as the research objects. The soil respiration rates were monitored on a monthly basis by using alkali absorption method from which the influencing factors were investigated and the data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The results show that， (1) In a year time, the soil temperature and soil water content show a completely opposite seasonal trend, the change of soil respiration rate of the plum trees with different ages is basically consistent with the change of month, showing a multi-peak shape. On a seasonal scale, the soil respiration rate decreased gradually with the alternation of spring, summer, autumn and winter; (2) The planting ages of the plum trees have influence on soil respiration rate to different extents. The soil respiration rates of 2 a, 5 a and 20 a are 48.56 mgC·(m2·h)-1,45.63 mgC·(m2·h)-1 and 41.64 mgC·(m2·h)-1, respectively. This may be attributed to the higher soil respiration rate of the trees in their young stages (2 a) and full fruiting period (5 a), who require more carbon sources and nutrients for plant growth than the older ones（20 a）. The higher respiration rate reflects higher organic metabolism and material circulation. Compared the plum trees of 2 a and 5 a, the underground ecosystem of the 20 a tree is relatively stable; and the soil respiration rate of the latter slightly decreases； (3) In the same period of high soil heat and high rainfall from April to August, there is a significant negative correlation between soil temperature and soil water content (P < 0.01), a significant negative correlation between soil temperature and soil respiration rate (P < 0.01), and a significant positive correlation between soil water content and soil respiration rate (P < 0.01), which are mainly caused by the lag effect of soil respiration on time scale.

Evaluation on the ecosystem health of national key ecological function areas for karst rocky desertification prevention and control in Guizhou Province

DENG Ou, LI Yiqiu, YANG Guangbin, LI Ruoshuang

2020, 39(5): 689-696. doi: 10.11932/karst20200506

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The national key ecological function areas for karst rocky desertification prevention and control in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou are the important ecological regions where development is restricted at the national level. These areas host special ecological systems dominated by karst environments. Of them, the key area of Guizhou Province is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, a vital ecological barrier for the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin. It is responsible for water conservation, soil and water conservation and other important ecological services. This functional area includes 9 counties subordinated to 4 cities with a total area of 26,454 km2. According to the different landforms and ecological functions, it is divided into four sub-areas， the Weining-Hezhang plateau watershed, Guanling-Zhenning plateau canyon, lower reach of the Ceheng-Wangmo Nan-Beipan River, and the Luodian-Pingtang plateau valley. This paper focuses on this functional area of Guizhou. Based on remote sensing images, geographic information data, precipitation data and soil data of year 2010 and 2015, by integrating 3S ecological and ecological assessing model, a quantitative and positioning analysis is performed to water conservation, soil erosion and rocky desertification degrees. The results show that， (1) Four sub-areas are at a medium or ‘high’ level of water conservation function, and water conservation index of 2015 was enhanced with respect to 2010；(2)The soil erosion modulus of Weining-Hezhang, Guanling-Zhenning and Ceheng-Wangmo areas are high, while their soil and water conservation functions are of low ranks. The soil erosion modulus of the Luodian-Pingtang area is the lowest, and its soil and water conservation function is of medium rank； (3) In the Weining-Hezhang area, the proportion of moderate and high rocky desertification reached 16.36% in 2010, and dropped to 8.74% in 2015. The ecosystem health degree changed from low to medium. The proportion of moderate and high rocky desertification in the Guanlin-Zhenning area was 8.64% in 2010 and 4.49% in 2015, respectively. The ecosystem health degree changed from medium to high. The health degrees of both Ceheng-Wangmo and Luodian-Pingtang are high, which were improved in 2015 compared to 2010. In the four sub-areas, the proportions of rocky desertification deteriorated areas are less than 1.00%, and the proportions of rocky desertification improved areas are 27.00%, 14.10%, 10.24% and 5.13%, respectively, indicating that rocky desertification has been effectively curbed. In the future, we should continue to adapt to local conditions to restore the vegetation and ecological system, and expand the achievements in the prevention and control of rocky desertification.

Moisture-retaining and transmissibility properties of soil profiles with different architectures in dolomite karst areas

YANG Jing, WANG Sheng, DING Yali, CHEN Hongsong

2020, 39(5): 697-704. doi: 10.11932/karst20200507

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In karst areas， soil is generally shallow and discontinuous， where unevenly distributed soil beds and bedrock in soil profiles with different architectures. Whether their moisture-retaining and transmissibility properties are variable remains unclear. To address this issue， the BEST single-ring infiltrometer method was employed to investigate such soil profiles in a dolomite karst area， namely， deep soil profile （DS）， shallow soil profile （SS） and soil-rock mixture profile （SR）， respectively. The results show that the hydraulic properties above mentioned of these profiles are different， which are mainly affected by soil particle component and profile architecture features. The surface soil of three kinds of soil profiles have high water conductivity， among which surface Ks of the soil-rock mixture profile（SR） is the highest， up to 244.1 mm?h-1， while the surface Ks of shallow soil profile（SS） is only 56.8 mm?h-1. For deep soil profile （DS）， the soil is clayey and of low water conductivity but of high water holding capacity except for surface soil and regolith layers. Due to the impact of underlying bedrock， shallow soil profile（SS） shows low water conductivity and high water holding capacity as a whole. In the soil-rock mixture profile （SR）， loose soil beds have both good water conductivity and holding capacity， while the rock layer has relatively poor water conductivity but better water holding capacity. In the soil’s effective water content， the SR is the highest， while DS and SS are relatively lower due to the clayey soils. The results of this study could provide scientific guidance for the selection of vegetation restoration sites in karst areas.

Empirical study on sustainable development based on the three-dimensional ecological footprint：A case of Chongqing

ZHANG Xiaoyu, ZHOU Baotong, MING Hong

2020, 39(5): 705-713. doi: 10.11932/karst20200508

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Chongqing is located in southwest China, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with a total karst area of 32，680 km2, accounting for 39.7% of the city’s land area. Due to its poor internal environmental stability, the area has serious ecological problems such as soil erosion and rocky desertification. In recent years, relying on its superior location and national strategic advantages, Chongqing has basically formed a pattern of coexistence of large agriculture, large industry, large transportation and large circulation. With the rapid economic and social development, the ecological environment is facing tremendous pressure and the sustainable development has been threatened. In order to provide references for the sustainable development of Chongqing,in this paper, we firstly adapted the 3D ecological footprint model of Niccolucci by calculating the "national hectare", updating the equilibrium factor and yield factor, and adding the pollutant account. Then, we diachronically analyzed the ecological footprint of Chongqing from 2008 to 2017 by using the improved ecological footprint model. On this basis, we constructed a comprehensive index to assess the dynamic changes of sustainable development ability in Chongqing. The results show that，（1） The stock flow indexes were less than 1 in the period studied, except for those in the years of 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014, indicating that the consumption of stock capital has decreased; （2） The overall ecological resource utilization efficiency index decreased year by year, while the resource utilization efficiency increased at the same time; （3） The index of ecological diversity increased stepwise, and the stability of the ecosystem was enhanced; （4） The comprehensive index of sustainable development capacity increased by 13.85%, indicating that the overall sustainable development capacity has been strengthened; （5） The ecological pressure index was between 1.51 and 2.00, the ecological environment was still in a very unsafe state, the stock capital was still occupied, and Chongqing was still in a state of unsustainable development. In addition, the comprehensive index of sustainable development capacity showed a slight decline in 2017. Therefore, under the guidance of the concept of "green water and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains", Chongqing should accelerate the formation of a spatial pattern of resource conservation and environmental protection, strive to build an environmental governance system led by the government, dominated by enterprises, and jointly participated by social organizations and the public, optimize the ecological spatial layout, strictly abide by the three control lines, and be alert to the continuous decline of sustainable development capacity.

Spatial evaluation and sensitivity analysis of water resource security in Guizhou Province under climate change

LIU Liying

2020, 39(5): 714-723. doi: 10.11932/karst2020y35

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It is of great significance to the protection of water resource security in karst areas by the analysis of spatio-temporal evolution of water resource security under the climate change. Using GA-BP neural network model， the spatial differentiation of water resource security in Guizhou Province was evaluated， and its sensitivity to climate change was analyzed. The results show that the water resource security took on obvious spatial heterogeneity in the study area. From 2001 to 2015， the water resource security in Qiannan was always the weakest in province. Guiyang improved the most obviously， and Anshun changed the least. When the rate of change is same， the change of annual average rainfall has the greatest impact on the water resource security， with the increase of 10%， the water resource security index increases by 0.95%， followed by the impact of unit surface water resource change， and the unit groundwater resource change had minimal impact. The most sensitive areas to rainfall change are Zunyi， Bijie， Liupanshui and Qianxinan. The results can provide scientific and technological support for the regulation and development of water resources in Guizhou Province.

Analysis of spatial-temporal evolution and trend of the air temperature over Guizhou plateau in the last hundred years

HU Zeyin, WANG Shijie, BAI Xiaoyong, LI Qin, WU Luhua, CHEN Fei, YANG Yujie, TIAN Shiqi, DENG Yuanhong, LI Chaojun

2020, 39(5): 724-736. doi: 10.11932/karst20200509

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Under the background of global warming，there are significant regional differences in temperature change. It is very important for ecological security and sustainable development to recognize the characteristics of regional temperature changes. This work builds on CRU，MODIS remote sensing data and observational data from meterological stations. Using trend analysis，cumulative anomalies，one-dimensional linear regression，5 a sliding average，linear trend rate，and R/S analysis, we examine the spatial-temporal evolution of the air temperature in the Guizhou Plateau and its impact on ecological security. The results show that， (1) spatially,the spatial-temporal evolution process of temperature in the Guizhou plateau has regional and seasonal characteristics. Overall spatial air temperature was high in the south and low in the north. Spatial distributions of temperature in the spring and winter were similar, approximately opposite in summer and spring，and not obvious in autumn, mainly affected by elevations and latitudes； (2) Since 1901，the air temperature declined at a rate of -0.31 ℃/century with fluctuations，especially in autumn；（3）Since 1951，it rose up at a rate of 0.71 ℃ /century mainly in autumn；（4）Since 2000，the temperature has been decreasing at a rate of -5.43 °C/century,and it is mainly in winter, showing a certain interannual and seasonal charatceristics. In summary，the temperature in the Guizhou plateau shows a downward trend，impacted by elevations and latitudes. In this context, relevant countermeasures are proposed to provide decision-making support for the rational use of climate resources,regional industrial restructuring，and environmental protection projects in the study area.

Experimental study on the detection of karst pores by cross-hole CT imaging and groundwater occurrence in the Luxi karst fault-depression basin

ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Gui, WANG Yu, FANG Yonglin, DAI Xusheng, WANG Bo, HE Raosheng, LUO Weiqun, LAN Funing

2020, 39(5): 737-744. doi: 10.11932/karst20200510

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Around the Jibi village southwest of the Luxi fault-depression basin, carbonate is widely distributed with well developed highly uneven karst. The surface is dominated by dissolution cracks and gullies with numerous mosore and some karst wells, one of which exposes as a big spring at the Jibi village. This work built on an 1∶10,000 hydrogeology survey. Using the high-density electrical method section，rapid scanning，combined with the IP sounding, locations of two boreholes to be drilled were determined,where the demonstration holes SK1 and SK2,48 m apart,were drilled.Then cross-hole CT imaging was conducted to detect the underground karst development and groundwater occurrence state. The results show that the cross-hole CT results are largely consistent with drilling interpretation, permitting to reveal the underground karst and groundwater occurrence. While the conventional geophysical methods can only speculate the geology in vertical direction, not clarifying horizontal fracture zones and karst caves. Combination of cross-hole electromagnetic and drilling can just can make up this deficiency. In carbonate formation,according to attenuation values of electromagnetic wave energy from different emission angles in the underground space,this approach allows to use inversion algorithms to calculate the absorption coefficients of underground media,reconstruct 2D images of the absorption coefficients in profiles between boreholes, and infer the occurrence of karst and groundwater in the subsurface. The detection results of cross-hole electromagnetic CT in the Luxi karst fault-depression basin show that this method is feasible and effective，and provides support for better arrangement of boreholes.

Control of the Jinci fault on karst water in the Jinci spring basin revealed by integrated geophysical surveys

HAN Kai, LIANG Yongping, YAN Liangjun, LIANG Donghui, SHEN Haoyong, TANG Chunlei

2020, 39(5): 745-752. doi: 10.11932/karst20200511

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Research on characteristics of the Jinci fault and its controlling effect on karst groundwater in the Jinci spring watershed can facilitate analysis of the migration regularity of karst groundwater in the Jinci spring region. This work conducted such research by surveys using geophysical methods including Controlled Source Audio Frequency Magnetotelluric（CSAMT)，Audio Frequency Magnetotelluric（AMT）and Magnetotelluric（MT). Results show that the southwest section of the Jinci fault strikes in NE-SW direction，dipping SE at angles becoming smaller from shallow to deep subsurface. Its width is about 250 m with influence depth over 1km. In the southeast side of the Jinci fault,relatively water-resistent strata makes most karst water failed to migrate into the Taiyuan basin,inferring the fault is a tensional water conducting fault. There are two karst water strong runoff zones parallel to the Jinci fault in Xishan mountains,the width of which is between 150 m and 300 m. Karst water supplies downstream area through the Jinci fault and strong runoff zones.

Preliminary study on hydrogeological conditions of Ya’an-Linzhi section of Sichuan-Tibet railway

CHENG Yang, WANG Yong, YANG Yanfang

2020, 39(5): 753-761. doi: 10.11932/karst20200512

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This study aims at the actual needs of the survey, design and construction of the Ya’an-Linzhi section of Sichuan-Tibet railway. Based on remote sensing geology and hydrogeology, and by using the method human-computer interaction interpretation combined with automatic extraction of remote sensing information,We completed 1∶5 million hydrogeological remote sensing interpretation within 15 km of both sides of the railway line and clarified the hydrogeological conditions of the survey area. The research results provide basic hydrogeological data for the investigation and design of this railway section, and effectively support the construction of the Sichuan-Tibet railway.

Research on remote sensing image characteristics of carbonate rock based on RS and GIS: An example of southern Guizhou region

WANG Yueyue, CHEN Rong, SHEN Chaoyong, WU Yufeng, CHEN Xuanchi, LIN Guomin, KANG Wenhua

2020, 39(5): 762-774. doi: 10.11932/karst2019y20

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The purpose of this work is to obtain and analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of carbonate rocks in the southern Guizhou area and their expressions on remote sensing images. The data used include the Landsat8 satellite image， a geological map of scale 1∶50 million， carbonate rock distribution map and tectonic map of the study area. The limestone， dolomite and limestone interbedded with dolomite are primary objects to observe. The results show that whether or not it is influenced by the structure， the limestone strata are generally characterized by single color， large topographic relief and non-river system and construction land distribution on the image. The image features of the dolomite strata are rich colors， well-developed rivers and more construction land. And the image features of limestone interbedded with dolomite strata are between the limestone and dolomite strata. Structural styles， such as joints， faults， and anticlines， have great influence on the characteristics of the remote sensing image of carbonate rocks， resulting in quite different feature seen on remote sensing images.

Preliminary dicussion on the concept of red karst and its scientific value

JIANG Fuwei, DONG Ying, SU Xiaoliang, CHEN Youzhi, YU Ning, CAO Xiaojuan

2020, 39(5): 775-780. doi: 10.11932/karst20200513

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Karst landforms are widely distributed throughout the world，creating a variety of terrains and natural landscapes. In the border areas between Hunan, Guizhou，and Hubei provinces and Chongqing City，China，There exist special ornamental karst landforms, of which the morphological characteristics are different from common karst landforms. However，the name of this special karst landform and its geological value have not been thoroughly explored so far. It has four basic characteristics，red color，layered concave-convex morphology，lithology of argillaceous limestone，and genesis of differential dissolution in soils. In contrasting the differences between it and the red series morphology，known karst morphology，and common karst landforms，this paper uses the naming principle of "appearance characteristics " + "landform types" to call it as "red layered concave-convex karst landform"，"red karst" in short. Also，its scientific definition and criteria are proposed. The red karst has important geological value in geosciences and tourist economic value due to its unique ornamental form.

Comparative study on projected and perceived images of show cave scenic spot：A case of Zhijin cave in Guizhou Province

TAO Peiran, YANG Xiaoxia, WANG Wenjing

2020, 39(5): 781-792. doi: 10.11932/karst20200514

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The comparative analysis between the projected and the perceived image of show cave has a crucial influence on promoting the image construction, enhancing the cave’s attraction to tourist and market competitivenes,as all of these have an impact on the tourist’s decision making prior to being on travel. Zhijin cave is located in Zhijin county, Guizhou Province. Being a 4A level national tourist attraction in China and world geopark site, the Zhijin cave is one of the karst caves in the world with the highest cavity density, the most abundant cave types and the rarest stalactites developed in it. As a pioneer site in the development history of tourist caves in China, Zhijin cave is typical and representative with an earlier start of image construction. In this paper, we used network texts as the data source and applied the software ROST CM to conduct a comparative study on projected image and perceived image of the cave, by adopting the methods of content analysis and social network analysis. The main results are as follows， (1) The key focus of official high-frequency words involves natural landscape, image promotion, transportation, tickets, accommodation, and so on, while the core concerns of tourists mainly focus on natural landscape and guide interpretation; (2) In terms of attribute categories, the concern of tourism administration and tourists is roughly the same, mainly focusing on tourism resources and tourism activities. However, there are still many differences in the image of natural resources and tourism activities; (3) From the result of social network analysis, the tourism authority attaches great importance to tourist experience and pay much attention to tourist services and management, while the tourists care more about on-site lightening and tour guide service; (4) In general, tourists’ positive emotions are dominant, while the primary sources of negative emotions are the deficiencies in facility construction and tour management, such as waiting on a long queue for the ticket or entrance, lax service attitude of tour guides, monotonous landscape, and insufficient activity experience.Furthermore, the result of current study comes up with some suggestions that can be applied in the tourism image improvement of the Zhijin cave via, (1) Improving infrastructure, including catering facilities, accommodation and shopping venues; (2) Adding cultural landscape and more on site activities; (3) Enriching the content and experience of research and learning activities; (4) Strengthening tourism management and elevating the service quality; (5) Highlighting the key points of image promotion, shaping a clear and unique scenic brand.

2020 Vol. 39, No. 5

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