中国岩溶

Karstification under different land-use patterns in summer: A case study in the Qingmuguan karst valley, Chongqing

LIU Wen, ZHANG Qiang, JIA Ya-nan

2012, 31(1): 1-6. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.001

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The direction and intensity of karstification could be deeply affected by soil physical and chemical variations resulted from land cover. Taking Qingmuguan karst valley area, Chongqing as an example, the total corrosion amount and corrosion amount under per unit area in 6 kinds of typical land use patterns in summer are got to study the impact of land covers on karst processes by means of limestone tablet corrosion test in the field. The results show that the corrosion rate under different land use patterns is quite different, generally, the corrosion rate decreases from tilled land, woodland exchanged from tilled land, paddy field, woodland mixed with Chinese fir-bamboo land, fallow land and bamboo land successively. It is also found that the corrosion rate largely increases with depth by means of counting up the corrosion rate at different depth. But there is obvious difference in corrosion rate among different depth under same land use pattern, especially in waste land, with the corrosion rate being 4.23 times higher under -20 cm than on the surface layer. Moreover, the CO2 increases with depth in all spot, which is better related with the regime of corrosion rate. The soil organic matter decreases with depth, which is opposite with the regime of corrosion rate but positively correlated with the corrosion rate on the surface layer. So, it is concluded that the impact of organic matter content on the corrosion rate is quite complicated.

Relationship of the humus components and the calcium form with the development of limestone soil

CHEN Jia-rui, CAO Jian-hua, LIA NG Yi, YANG Hui

2012, 31(1): 7-11. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.002

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Selecting the limestone soil samples at different developing stages(black limestone soil, brown limestone soil and yellow limestone soil),the form and contents of the humus and calcium have been measured, the results show that:(1)at different developing stages of the limestone soil, the total carbon in the humus of black limestone soil, brown limestone soil and yellow limestone soil is 230.15 mg/g, 37.49 mg/g and 17.94 mg/g respectively, the proportion of humic acid is 31.94%、9.44% and 7.25% respectively, fulvic acid accountsfor1.04%,36.14% and66.16%,and humin is 67.02%, 54.41% and 26.59% respectively; (2)the total calcium of the black limestone soil, brown limestone soil and yellow limestone soilis21486.66 mg/kg,6913.33 mg/kg and5540.17 mg/kg respectively, the acid-soluble calcium has the highest proportion, with the proportion of57.58%,74.69% and80.83%,followed by the reduced calcium, oxidized calcium and residual calcium; (3)the correlation analysis shows that the soil calcium and the different forms are positively related with SOC, humic acid and humin, negatively related with fluvic acid. It means that the forms and components of the humus can influence the form and components of the soil calcium to a large extent.

Study on the ecological benefit of Lippia nodiflora (L.)Greene in karst mountain

LIU Xiao-yu, XIE Shi-you, LI Yong, HANG Yuan-zhu

2012, 31(1): 12-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.003

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A high quality Japanese species - Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene is introduced for the first time to be planted for eco-rehabilitation in karst mountain in the paper. The ecological benefitis discussed in the pa per through studying the coverage, root system characteristics, runoff and erosion resistance, whereby seeking eco-rehabilitation ways for fragile ecosystem and providing scientific basis for planting and popularizing Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene in karst mountain. The experiments show that the amount of runoff will drop after planting Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene, and the amount of surface runoff reduces by 62% from110 mm to 42 mm 3 months later. Under same rainfall intensity and capacity, the erosion amount in Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene land counts to only5.60%~5.83% of that in traditional farming lands, and that the root system grows faster, gets denser and more. After planting90 days, the Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene has covered100% of the ground surface. The experiments prove that Lippia nodiflora(L.)Greene is good for eco-rehabilitation and can improve efficiently the ecosystem and landscape in karst mountain.

Studies on the stability of different communities in Nonggang karst region of Guangxi

ZHONG Jun-di, LI Xian-kun, Lü Shi-hong, LIU Sheng-yuan, LU Mao-xin, CHEN Yan, CHENG Xia-lan

2012, 31(1): 16-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.004

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Five aspects of nine stability evaluating index such as coverage of local species and local species diversity are selected to constitute index system. And then, the stability of the Southwest Guangxi karst communities are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively by means of principal components analysis and grey relational analysis. Correspondingly, three grades(highly, moderately and lowly stable community)of stableness are classified according to classification formula of stability. The results show that: the communities such as Cephalomappa sinensis + Bischofia polycarpa - Drypetes perreticulata- Ophiopogon dracaenoides community, have higher stability index, while the com munities such as Eupatorium odoratum+ Pueraria phaseoloides community have lower stability index. The community Cephalomappa sinensis+ Bischofia polycarpa- Drypetes perreticulata- Ophiopogon dracaenoides and other seven com munities are classified as the highly stable community; the community Melia azedarach+ Zeniain signis- Mallotus japonicus- Microstegium fasciculatum+ Eupatorium odoratum and other three communities are classified as the moderately stable community; the community Eupatorium odoratum+ Pueraria phaseoloides, Trigonostemon lutescens+ litsea glutinosa- Eupatorium odoratum and other thirteen com munities are classified as lowly stable community. The order of vegetation stability, native forests> secondary natural forest> shrub/ plantation> grass, reflects the stability of the law of succession, i.e. community stability increases as the succession goes on.

Study on the distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticide in epikarst soil

SUN Yu-chuan, SHANG Ying-nan, MAO Hai-hong, FU Yun, SHEN Li-cheng

2012, 31(1): 23-30. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.005

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In order to study the distribution tendency, composition character and main possible sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the epikarst soils, the concentrations of OCPs residues in the overlaying soils of four typical epikarst springs are measured by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The four epikarst springs, SF Spring, HG Spring, BSW Spring and LH Spring, situate in Nanchuan District, Chongqing City. The results show that the total OCPs concentrations in the epikarst soils range from 7.13 to 323.37 ng/g, and all 17 OCPs are detected in HG,BSW and LH soils, and except for p, p'-DDD, the other are all detected in SF soil, but the concentrations of different O CPs vary greatly. According to the measured concentration, HCHs, DDTs, CHLs and mirex are the most dominant compounds among the 17 OCPs. The composition of H C H indicates HCHs in epikarst soil originating from the residues of historical application of technical HCHs and lindane, and under the influence of environment, the compositions of HCH isomer change greatly. DDTs in soils of BS W and SF soils come from the use of technical DDT and dicofol, and the use of technical DDT might be responsible for the freshly DDT input in HG spring and LH soils, but not the dicofol type DDT. In comparison with soil quality standards of China and the Netherlands, the concentration of DDTs in BS W soil is near to the reference value of unpolluted soil according to soil protection guideline of the Netherlands, and the levels of DDTs in L H soil are classified as low polluted, but the levels of DDTs and CHLs in HG soil is categorized as high polluted, while the SF soil can be classed as unpolluted one.

Impact of vegetation community succession on available N, P and enzyme activity of the soil in karst hill of Guizhou Province

LIU Fang, LIU Yuan-sheng, BU Tong-da, CNEN Zu-yong

2012, 31(1): 31-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.006

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Available N, P and enzyme activity of soils in different vegetation are estimated with vegetation community succession in Maolan of Guizhou Province by investigating and analyzing on the soils. The results show that the contents of total N and available organic P slightly reduce but the contents of available N, NO3--N, available P and water-soluble P had significantly decrease in surface soil (0~15 cm) following the process from broad-leaved forest to shrub forest and shrub grass. The average decreasing amount in the con tents of available N, nitric nitrogen and available P as well as the water-soluble P in the soils under shrub grass is 28.09%, 65.44%, 69.42% and 81.71%, respectively; meanwhile, the average contents of urease, proteinase and alkalin phosphatase in the shrub grass soil reduces by 74.72%, 63.08% and 50.32% respectively in comparison with that under primeval broad-leaved forest. Thus, the variations of soil available N and P in karst hill significantly affected by vegetation community succession, and forest degradation mainly leads to obvious decrease in the amount of nitric nitrogen and water-soluble P in the soils.

Influences of land use patterns on spatial-temporal distribution of soil organic carbon in Southeast Chongqing karst mountain

YAN Ning-zhen, YANG Jian-hong, QU Ming, BAI Zhong-cai, XU Wei-hong

2012, 31(1): 36-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.007

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Organic carbon content is an important index for measurement of land quality. Its change has direct effects on land fertility and growth status of vegetation. The organic carbon spatial-temporal patterns in Xiushan, Qianjiang and Youyang areas is analyzed in four different land use patterns, dry land, paddy field, vegetable garden and orchard, with geostatistical approach through field work, sampling and analysis in the paper. The result suggests that the contents of SOC in the cultivation horizon and subsoil horizon in vegetable garden is the highest, while that in dry land is the lowest, and the differences between them are remarkable. The contents of SOC in the ground layer in orchard are the highest, while that in the paddy land is the lowest, and the differences between them are unremarkable. Different land use patterns has the same effects on SOC of soil section, descending from upper to lower layers, that is contents of SOC in cultivated horizon is the highest, while that in subsoil is the lowest, and decreasing amplitude is largest in paddy field and least in dry land with remarkble differences. Compared with the second soil survey conductedin1984,the content of SOC in the cultivation horizon(0~20 cm in thickness)has been increasing for20 years except dry land; the increasing range of SOC in vegetable garden is the biggest and in the paddy field the smallest. But on the whole, the content of organic in soil in the study area is relatively low, so approaches of enhancing the ability of carbon storage of the soil should be developed and introduced new farming technology such as no-tillage and straw returning in order to improve the content of organic of the land.

Assessment on the storage and value of soil nutrient under different grade of rocky desert in karst hilly region: A case study in small karst watersheds Wuqing and Pianyan of Guizhou Province

WANG Yue-rong, LU Qi, ZHOU Jin-xing, CUI Ming

2012, 31(1): 40-45. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.008

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In order to discuss the impacts of different grades of rocky desert on soil nutrient storage and economic value, the soil nutrient storage and its potential value in different grades of rocky deserts are assessed by means of soil nutrient pool calculation method and value substitution method. The basis of the assessment in this paper is the studying on the variations of soil nutrient contents in rocky deserts with potential desertification (Ⅱ), mild desertification (Ⅲ) and moderate desertification (Ⅳ) as well as severe desertification (Ⅴ) in comparison to the farmland without karst desertification(Ⅰ). The results show that, firstly the contents of organic matter(OM), total N(TN), available N(AN), total P(TP), available P(AP), total K(TK) and available K(AK) of soil in 0 to 40 cm depth is 32.31~104.12 g/kg, 1.35~2.87 g/kg, 76.90~124.00 mg/kg, 0.49~1.12 g/kg, 1.03~10.71 mg/kg, 12.25~26.22 g/kg and 114.35~245.35 mg/kg respectively; secondly, the storages of total soil nutrients, OM, TN, TP and TK is 3.79~61.41 t/hm2, 2.55~48.56 t/hm2, 0.13~1.36 t/hm2, 0.04~0.52 t/hm2 and 1.07~10.97 t/hm2 respectively; thirdly, the values of total soil nutrients, OM, TN, TP and TK is 0.86~9.80×104 yuan/hm2, 0.08~1.55×104 yuan/hm2, 0.29~3.08×104 yuan/hm2, 0.04~0.53×104 yuan/hm2 and 0.45~4.64×104 yuan/hm2 respectively; fourthly, soil nutrient storage and value are the highest in gradeⅠand lowest in gradeⅤ, and the content, storage and value of soil nutrient decrease with the aggravating of rocky desertification.

Distribution of the rocky desertification and slope-land use patterns in Nanchuan Region of Chongqing City

XIONG Ping-sheng, YUAN Dao-xian, XIE Shi-you, BAI Yu

2012, 31(1): 46-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.009

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Desertification distribution in Nanchuan region of Chongqing City is studied on the basis of 2004 TM and maps of geology, hydrometeorology and land use. The results show that: lithologically, the desert mainly distributes in the areas of pure limestone and the interlayed strata of pure limestone and dolomite, which belonging to the Jialingjiang Group, Fixian’guan Group and Leikoupo Group of the Triassic system in Mesozoic and the Majiagou Group of the lower Paleozoic Ordovician; hydro meteorologically, the desert mainly distributes in the areas of the central flatland with the annual temperature ranges from 10℃ to 16℃ and annual precipitation over 1200 mm; topographically, slightly and moderately deserted deserts mainly in 800~1200 m area, but severely deserted area in 600~800 m, and extremely deserted desert 500~600 m above sea level; in view of land use, slightly and moderately deserted deserts mainly in shrub land, the severely deserted one in non-irrigated farmland. According to the development of desertification and the distribution of the deserts, it is suggested that the gentle land (<5°) be used as paddy field by protective tillage and green food production land; and the gentle slope land (5°~15°) be used as cultivation and plantation areas; the relatively dip slope(15°~25°) as vine(honeysuckle)planting land, fruit planting land and ecologic grass land; the steep slope land (>25°) as water conservation forest and scenery forest by long term close hillsides to facilitate afforestation.

Early warning for karst rocky desertification in agricultural land based on the 3S and ANN technique: A case study in Du’an County, Guangxi

YAN Yan, HU Bao-qing, HAN Qing-yan, LI Yue-lian

2012, 31(1): 52-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.010

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On the basis of3S and ANN method, by means of RS interpretation, the resources and environment information such as vegetation coverage, exposing rate of rock, relief degree of land surface, the≥25° slope land area of different land use types is obtained. Then early warning for karst rocky desertification in agricultural land during different periods is done in light of economic and social data such as agricultural population density and farmland areas per person as well as reclaimed indexes of land with the BP Algorithm of ANN method. The results show that the analyses of 3S-ANN are consistent with the actual situation. The warning condition of karst rocky desertification in agricultural land increased constantly from 1977 to 2005. The no-warning condition townships decreased from eleven to zero and the severe-warning condition townships increased from zero to nine, but the warning condition in 2005 relieved slightly compared with that in 2007. In light of the prediction with the data in 2005 and 2007, it is concluded that the rocky desertification degrees in Dongmiao, Jiagui, Baoan and Daxing townships will aggravate in 2015, so should pay more attention in the prevention and control in future.

Research on the distribution of rural settlements in relation to landform factors in karst trough valley of Chongqing Municipality

ZHANG Xia, WEI Chao-fu, NI Jiu-pai, ZHANG Shi-chao

2012, 31(1): 59-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.011

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Taking rural settlements of Tuanjie Village, Yunchi Town, Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County as the study case, distribution characteristics of rural settlements are analyzed in view of landform factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, terrain undulation, surface roughness, SOA (slope of aspect) and SOS (slope of slope).The study adopts the method of spatial analysis and geostatistics of GIS and applies frequency distribution index of landform – area and information entropy. The major results indicate the advantageous terrain habitats of rural settlements locate in areas with elevation 956.2~1000 m, slope 5~15 degree, aspect SW, W, NW and E, terrain undulation0~1 m, surface roughness1.0~1.1,SO A and SOS0~5 degree. The maximum of information entropy of rural settlements in the bottom of karst trough valley is 1.15, but the minimum is 0.02, which indicates that the orderliness of rural settlements distribution in the low terrain is higher.

Assessment on the intrinsic vulnerability of karst groundwater source in the Qingmuguan karst valley

ZHANG Qiang

2012, 31(1): 67-73. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.012

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Assessment on the vulnerability of karst groundwater source is an effective measure for the protection and effective management of karst aquifer. In the most part of Southwest China karst area, the karst groundwater is liable to be contaminated for lack of proper protective zone for groundwater. The intrinsic vulnerability of karst groundwater source in the Qingmuguan karst valley is assessed quantitatively with the modified Slovenia model on condition of considering four factors: surficial material (O), runoff (C) and rain fall (P) as well as karst development (K). The results prove that high vulnerable area accounts for 12.6% of the total acreage, middle vulnerable area for 43%, and low vulnerable area for 44.4% in the watershed. It is high vulnerable area in sinkholes with their surrounding100 m area. Sinking stream with its surrounding10 m area, and high karstified area are the high vulnerable areas. But most areas are middle vulnerable, and sandstone area is low vulnerable. The assessment is coincident with reality, which supplies simple and clear scientific basis for reasonable programming and protection of groundwater. The method in the paper is worth to be popularized in the field of the assessment on the vulnerability of karst groundwater source in the East Sichuan karst valley region.

Spatial distribution of nitrogen in the water from the Baihua Lake

SHEN Wei, HU Ji-wei, XIE Wei-fang, ZHANG Jie, LUO Jin

2012, 31(1): 74-81. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.013

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Vertical distribution of inorganic nitrogen in the water from the Baihua Lake and the correlations between nitrogen forms and dissolved oxygen (DO) are analyzed in this study. The concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (N O3--N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) and dissolved oxygen in eight water samples (surface, 4 m, 8 m and 12 m under the water) are determined. The results show that the total nitrogen average concentration of the wateris1.18 mg/L, with ammonia nitrogen being 0.144 mg/L, nitrate nitrogen 0.20 mg/L and nitrite nitrogen 0.018 mg/L. Furthermore, the average concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate nitrogen are higher at the inlet point in comparison to other sampling points. In addition, the correlation analysis demonstrated that there are significant negative correlations between DO concentration and two nitrogen forms (nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen) with correlation coefficient -0.629 and -0.724.

The effect of dry density and soil water content on yellow soils hearing strength in karst area

NI Jiu-pai, GAO Ming, WEI Chao-fu, XIE De-ti

2012, 31(1): 82-86. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.014

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Based on the triaxial shearing test in laboratory, the effect of soil water content and dry density on yellow soil shearing strength was determined. Experimental data indicated that: (1)the soil cohesive force firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of soil water content under the same soil dry density, and it increase with the increase of soil dry density under the same soil water content. The internal frictional angle of yellow soil fleetly decrease with the increase of soil water content under the same soil dry density, and it do not change obviously with the increase of dry density under the same soil water content. (2) The interaction of soil water content and dry density has significant impact on soil cohesive force, and the soil cohesive force reached to the maximum under the interaction of soil water content and dry density that each soil dry density matched the specifically soil water content. (3) The interaction of soil water content and dry density is small relatively on the internal frictional angle, and the internal frictional angle tardily increase with the increasing of soil dry density. Soil water content have relatively more obvious impact on the internal frictional angle, and the internal frictional angle of yellow soil nonlinearly decrease with the increasing of soil water content.

Analysis and discussion on the stability of Jinjiang Landslide under the operating conditions of earthquake

BAO Li-xin

2012, 31(1): 87-93. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.015

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The limit equilibrium method from mimetic statics numeric method, a recommended method in current specifications, is adapted at present in most calculations to the stability of landslide. To most permanent and transient operating conditions in landslides, the result calculated with this method is in accordance with the result evaluated by geologic theory; but to the operating conditions in earthquakes, most results are quite different with each other. The Jinjiang landslide is a giant one near the dam of the Baihetan power plant. In the calculations to the slide with limit equilibrium method, 3 steps are adopted in the study. Firstly, based on the calculation ways for anti-seismic stability of the earth-rock dam specified by “The Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structure DL 5073-2000”, values such as the dynamic distribution coefficients at different heights and the horizontal seismic force component and the dynamic distribution coefficient at the corresponding heights are figured out by means of the handling method to earthquake effect. Secondly, the horizontal acceleration value of the earthquake force that acting on the whole landslide mass is solved. Lastly, the stability calculation is done with the horizontal acceleration value. The results prove that, under seismic operating conditions, the Jinjiang slide is stable as a whole with the stability coefficient being1.23~1.45, which is not only quite in accordance with the results by geologic analysis, but also avoids the discrepancy between the mimetic statics numeric method calculating results and practical geologic analysis results.

Empirical research on evaluating the satisfaction of karst cave tourism interpretation system based on the IPA analysis method: In the case of Chongqing Furong Cave

SHI Ding-fang, YANG Xiao-xia, ZI Tao

2012, 31(1): 94-98. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.016

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Based on the IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) method, this paper takes Furong cave in Wulong County, Chongqing City as an example to study the satisfaction of tourism interpretation system from visitors. This research have gained such conclusions as: (1) Because of the rich scientific connotation of karst caves, visitors have high expectation to karst cave tourism interpretation and expect the tour guide combining the scientific knowledge of caves with interestingness in the interpretation to increase the attraction of caves.(2)Interpretation brand in karst caves is an important interpretation media during the visitors’ independent sightseeing, and receive high attention from tourist. They hope interpretation brand be built in the right place and written with simple, accurate and scientific content and icon comply with the international tradition and national standards. Besides, the design of brands’ appearance is expected to coordinate with cave environments.(3) Karst cave visitor center, used frequently, has a great influence on the first impression of visitors. So, the position, appearance, function and special service of the center is an important factor for enhancing tourist overall satisfaction.

Review of the research on radon in karst caves

ZI Tao, YANG Xiao-xia, SHI Ding-fang

2012, 31(1): 99-106. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.01.017

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Health effects of radon on the human body have always been a hotspot in medical, chemical, nuclear physical and some other researching area. In recent years, the academia have studied on the sources of radon (rocks and groundwater), the influence factors of radon concentration (geologic factors, cave structure, meteorological parameters inside and outside the cave), radon concentration measurement (measuring object, measuring instruments and methods),the harm of radon, radon prevention and control (to isolate radon infiltration, enhance ventilation to reduce radon, reasonable arrangement of schedule to reduce the in haled amount, strengthen monitoring) and some achievements have been got, but weak in the following re searches such as the formation mechanism of radon in karst caves, establishment of karst cave radon measurement standards and effective dose estimates, controlling techniques of radon in karst caves and health management of show cave staff.

2012 Vol. 31, No. 1

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