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2009 Vol. 28, No. 4

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Challenges and opportunities for karst research of our country under the new situation
Yuan Daoxian
2009, 28(4): 329-331. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.001
Abstract PDF(251KB) icon2110 icon1433
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With the rapid development of society and economy, karst geological and environmental problem in our country is becoming increasingly conspicuous, which have received much attention from our Party and government. According to the requirement of national economic construction and social development, the paper analyze the situation and opportunities for karst research of our country, consider that further strengthen the research on karst basic and practical problem, particularly in karst developing reaction among gas-biology-water-rock, oil global carbon sinks, as well as comprehensive treatment for southwestern karst rocky desertification, exploiting and protecting research on karst groundwater resources, improvement in ecological environment, promoting sustainable and harmonious development of society and economy in karst areas, are the main tasks and work focuses for karst research of our country at present even for a period in the future.
On origin of the Jiudongtian cave hall in the sinking stream, Dafang county, Guizhou province, China: Evidence for dominant rightward erosion in northern hemisphere by subterranean stream
ZHANG Zhigan
2009, 28(4): 332-339. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.002
Abstract PDF(616KB) icon1848 icon1331
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As an attractive scenic spot, the Jiudongtian cave hall in Dafang County, Guizhou province should be worth world praise and notice. It is thought of great academic significance by foreign and domestic scientists. The Jiudongtian (nine sky holes) sinking stream is located along a nick point in the middle reaches of the northern branch of Wujiang river, Yangtze Basin. It is named “Jiudongtian” by local people because there are nine karst windows along its 2.8 km stream course. In 1987 the sinking stream was first explored by a China-New Zealand speleological expedition led by P.W. Williams and the professors from the Guizhou Normal University. P.W. Williams believed that: “Jiudongtian not only belongs to Guizhou or China but also to the world; It is not inferior to any well-known karst spot in the world……; specifically, it represents a nice natural model for combined formation of surface and subsurface karst landform.” Later on, Prof. Yang Mingde from the Guizhou Normal University presented a classic study on the Jiudongtian karst. But both of them did not address much to origin of those cave halls. This paper will add to their ideas with a demonstration showing the role of the Coriolis force and dominant erosion to the wall on the right of the cave hall.（1）This paper give some new ideas about cave hall formation. First, cave hall must originate from a prior phreatic cave,as believed W.M.Davis. Second, owing to that the moving energy and dissolution capacity of flood water are of severel orders of magnitude larger, the zone of seasonal water level fluctuation becomes a place on the walls where the most intensive denudation occurs. Third, as a result notches are forming deeply cutting into both the cave walls. Fourth, at least 3 sub-processes and 5 sub-processes of lower order are subsequintly involved in formation of cave hall. Fifth, coupling of sub-prosesses,3 types of molti-interrelation have already been recognized.（2）Reloading fissures alter the opening state of fissure system, making its permeability more even. This in turn leads to even distribution of speleothems along top and walls of the cave. There are some obvious evidences in morphology of the cave halls for dominant rightward erosion (in Northern hemisphere) by the Tiudongtian subterranean stream. Firstly, there is a unique pattern of bedrock outcrop and speleothem distribution， 90% area on the left wall is covered with speleothems, more than 90% on the right wall with bedrock; while in the middle of the right wall there is a branch cave passage full of speleothems. Secondly, rock collapse mainly appears on the right wall. Thirdly, a vertical fissure-shaped cave can be found on the bottom or at the top of some halls along the wall on the left hand. All of these strongly infer that a vertical phreatic fissure-shaped cave occurred there originally near the left wall. When evolving and entering into the zone of seasonal fluctuation in groundwater table the fissure-shaped cave must has been excavated intensively by flood water, which is estimated as large as 400 m3/s in discharge. The Coriolis force generated by such a flood flow would be 10～100 times larger than that of an underground river of 40 m3/s or 4 m3/s in discharge respectively. It must force the right wall moves backward to form the huge space of the hall. The rightward erosion for a gently dip bedding plane cave is slightly different to the vertical fissure-shaped one. Direction for cave floor extension is controlled by two factors, namely the rate of rightward erosion and the rate of descending of the local denudation base. When denudation base is descending rapidly, both sorts of caves might form and layered cave system may takes place. While in the case of slow and intermittent tectonic descending, a cave with slight-dipping bedding will form a gently inclined floor along the bedding, as is seen in the Fengyu cave, Guilin. (3) Presented above is a preliminary result and needs to be verified by detailed study in future.
Primary study on seismic record from speleothems in caves
ZHANG Mei-liang, ZHU Xiao-yan, YANG He-ping, PENG Wen, LIANG Jian-hong, LI Tao
2009, 28(4): 340-247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.003
Abstract PDF(785KB) icon1817 icon1318
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Speleothems are of not only value for tourism development, but also rich information in paleo-climate and paleo-environment, and also a recorder for earthquake information providing good material for earthquake vestiges study. In the recent ten years, some special speleothem collapse has been discovered in cave. Some fracture, speleothem collapse in cave occured or were produced after the earthquake of magnitude 8.0 in Wenchuan County, Sichuan, China, at 14:28, on May 12th, 2008, suggesting the collapse is closely related with earthquake activities. This paper recover the prehistoric earthquake events that not recorded in historic data, and compare the time and intensity of the earthquake events, according to the vestiges recorded in the speleothem collapsed materials by new and old earthquake and the U-series dating age etc. The vestiges recorded in the speleothem collapsed materials in cave can provide relevant evidence and proof for studying the earthquake history, supply the lost historic records of earthquakes, and provide a new perspective for earthquake monitoring and forecasting in the future.
Spatial distribution and diurnal variation in CO2 concentration, temperature and relative humidity of the cave air-A case study from Water Cave, Benxi， Liaoning, China
CAI Bing-gui, SHEN Lin-mei, ZHENG Wei, LI Ke-pu, BAI Yun-zhi, DONG Chun-zhi
2009, 28(4): 348-354. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.004
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CO2 concentration in cave air is one of major factors controlling the precipitation and erosion of carbonate in caves, especially in show caves. In order to understand the spatial and diurnal variation and the possible controlling factors, CO2 and temperature as well as relative humidity in cave air are observed by portable CO2 meter linked with auto data logger and auto temperature as well as RH data logger respectively in the Benxi Water Cave, Liaoning, China. The results show that the spatial distribution of CO2 concentration in the cave’s air can be divided into two situations. Firstly, CO2 increases abruptly from 500 ppm at the cave entrance to 4 500 ppm at 370 m deep of the cave; secondly, the CO2 concentration keeps stable with small regimes between 4 500 and 4 800 ppm. Compared with data observed in other seasons, the distance in the first situation differs from one season to another. This may be controlled by seasonal change in temperature led by the exchange of airs between the outside atmosphere and the inner cave air, and also may be modulated by the human activity. The mean values of CO2 in cave air, in the second situation, decreases slowly during observing period, which corresponding to the deceasing trend of visitor number and indicating that visitor number makes important effect on diurnal variation of CO2 concentration in cave air. The slight variation of CO2 concentration in the second situation maybe relates to the change of volume of cave chamber or the distribution of fractures and fissures. The auto data logger set at 250 m away from entrance records two CO2 concentration peaks every day with one peak at noon and another at mid night more or less. By comparing with the variation of air temperature both inside and outside the cave, this double peak pattern possibly contributes both to respiration of people and exchange of air in cave with atmospheric air.
Fengcong, fenglin, cone karst and tower karst
Tony WALTHAM
2009, 28(4): 355-369. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.005
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Fengcong and fenglin are the two major types of karst terrain as defined in Chinese literature. They correlate only loosely with the Western terms of cone and tower karst respectively. With its isolated towers rising from a karst plain, fenglin is the most extreme form of karst landscape, and much of it may evolve from fengcong where tectonic uplift is critically slow, but overall it appears to be polygenetic. It is suggested that fengcong and fenglin are more useful karst terms with genetic implications and should take precedence, while cones and towers should be used purely as descriptive terms.
Classification and exploitive technical condition of karst water source field in southwest China
WANG Yu
2009, 28(4): 370-374. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.006
Abstract PDF(384KB) icon4003 icon2263
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It is redefined the meaning of “karst water source field” and put forward a new category of “karst water source field” in this paper. Firstly, based on the situation of aquifer distribution and outcrop state of karst water, the new category classifies the karst water source field into two broad types: “natural outcropped karst water source field” and “buried karst water source field”. Secondly, based on water-bearing medium, water conduit and storage place and structure, water dynamic feature, the “natural outcropped karst water source field” is subdivided into three subtypes: “Underground River”, “karst spring” and “epikarst spring”. The “buried karst water source field” is subdivided into “saturation zone water-rich block” and “epikarst zone water-rich block”. In addition, the law of water enrichment, the regime and exploitive technical conditions of the karst water are also studied in the paper.
Analysis and simulation to the relation between rainfall and runoff in karst basin with artificial neural network model
CHEN Cai, CHEN Xi, ZHANG Zhi-cai, WEI Lin-na
2009, 28(4): 375-379. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.007
Abstract PDF(381KB) icon2089 icon1973
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Rainfall-runoff response in karst basin is a non-linear process. Determination of the major factors influencing underground river flow by proper non-linear analysis method is very important for simulating karst hydrological processes. In this study, the observed rainfall and flow discharge data in the Houzhai catchement of Puding County was used. The BP model structure of two hidden layers and three inputs in the study catchment was determined by the neural network weight analysis. This structure is able to keep stability of the rainfall-runoff simulation. Cross training and validation results of the BP model show that efficient coefficient (NSC) is over 0.9 during the training period, and NSC is over 0.88 during the validation period. Therefore, the neural network weight analysis can be used to determine the relationship between forecast object and its influencing factors. The artificial neural network model offers an efficient way for rainfall-runoff simulation in karst basin.
2009, 28(4): 380-0. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.018
Abstract PDF(33KB) icon1502 icon494
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Evaluation on karst leakage of coal ash site in Wanhe
DING Jian-ping, DUAN Xian-qian, DUAN Li, CAO Xing-min, YANG Shao-ping
2009, 28(4): 381-384. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.008
Abstract PDF(251KB) icon1984 icon1524
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Coal ash site in Wanhe is located in the typical peak-cluster depression in central Guizhou. Serious polluted water leakage exists in the site. To evaluate the leakage characteristics exactly, the hydro-geological exploratory works and connectivity tests have been carried out around the site. The results show that the groundwater table under the site is 6.5 meters lower than the adjacent water level of the Boyu River. Thus, the waste water of the site can not leak to the Boyu River. In fact, waste water runs across the peak cluster region at the northwest of coal ash site and leaks along the F1 fault towards west into S2 and S3 springs in the neighboring valley which is beyond 3 km from the sit. The leakage points are the beady sink-holes which are scattered over the depression in the coal ash site, and the leakage is in the type of pipe fissure. Flow velocity of groundwater is 57.2 m/h, and hydrodynamic condition of the leakage is complicated. Water pollution leakage evaluation on the site is not only to solve seepage-proofing of beady sink-holes in the site, but also to ensure karst seepage-proofing of unsaturated zone at the north of the site. Therefore, it is suggested project of horizontal seepage-proofing be adopted.
Response of the Beiwenquan hot spring’s hydrochemical features in Chongqing to the Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 in Sichuan
XIAO Qiong, SHEN Li-cheng, YUAN Dao-xian, HE Qiu-fang, WANG-Aoyu
2009, 28(4): 385-390. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.009
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The Beiwenquan hot springs were continuously monitored from May 1 to July 4, 2008. It proves that the temperature and discharge as well as hydrochemistry have obvious response to the earthquake of magnitude 8.0 in Wenchuan. (1) After the earthquake, temperature of these springs all dropped about 1℃. (2) Three higher elevation springs BWQ-2,BWQ-3,BWQ-4 ceased to flow, but BWQ-1, being located lower, increased its discharge by nearly 50%, and BWQ-6's discharge also increased.(3) Concentration of K+, Na+, Ca2+ in those lower located hot springs reduced after the earthquake and has excellent linear correlation with the earthquake. But concentration of Mg2+ increased. Concentration of Fe2+, Mn2+ increased several fold on May 12 and decreased gradually thereafter. On July 4, the Concentration of Fe3+, Mn2+ was the same with May 1. Concentration of SO42-, F- changed anomalously. It is believed that the variation of physicochemical properties in hot springs results from the mixture of cold waters from surface or from overlying aquifer mixed with the hot water of the spring because the fractures connected the upper or overlying aquifer with the hot spring after the earthquake.
Research on division treatment to eco-construction of karst rock deserted land in southwest China karst area
WU Xie-bao, SUN Ji-lin, LIN Qiong, WU Zhao-bai
2009, 28(4): 391-396. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.010
Abstract PDF(481KB) icon2554 icon1399
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The necessity of division treatment for rocky desertification is expounded. In terms of the distribution characteristics of karst rocky desertification land and the diversity of regional natural geography, social economy, and biology resources, eight karst rocky desertification comprehensive treatment divisions in southwest karst regions of China, i.e., middle and higher mountain, karst graben basin, karst plateau, karst gorge, peak cluster marsh land, karst trough valley, peak cluster plain, and karst hilly marsh land (trough valley), are divided. And the main restricting factors for the implementation of ecological restoration in each comprehensive treatment division are induced and summarized. Furthermore, the construction emphases and main measures for the implementation of ecological restoration in each division are determined. In the middle and higher mountain division, the emphases are to close the land for reforestation and growing grasses, and build up ecological protection forest and firewood forest as well as develop ecological tourist industry by using natural landscape and raw ecological culture.In karst graben basin division, the measures of closing the land for reforestation and grasses along the mountainous land of the basin will be made. And, the water conservancy facilities in the basin will be repaired for the construction of high yield economic forest or Chinese herbal medicine base. In karst plateau division, the current forest and grass vegetation will be well protected, and the water conservation forest and economic forest will also enjoy active development. Moreover, the ecological system structure will be improved, ecological economy type industry will be cultivated, as well as the ecological resettlement will reasonably be kicked out. In the karst gorge division, through the mixing of closing the land for reforestation and arbor and brush treatment, the ecological functions of karst vegetation will be raised. Also, the ecological tourist industry and feature agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry will be actively developed. In the peak cluster marsh land, the measures of closing the land for reforestation and grasses, the development of south Asia tropical feature forest and the suitable ecological resettlement will be Implemented. In karst trough valley division, the ecological construction of rocky desertification division should be enhanced, and the ues degree of non rocky desertification division be upgraded. In peak cluster plain, to reasonably develop and use the water resources of both surface and underground, to close the land for reforestation and artificial reforestation, and to raise the ecological functions of forest and its landscape values. In the karst hilly marsh land (trough valley), along the Dongting Lake Basin and karst landscape division, the measures of closing the land for reforestation and grasses, artificial reforestation, firewood construction as well as the methane pool construction will be triggered.
Contrastive studies on agro-ecological geology environment quality between karst and non-karst area in Guizhou
REN Ming-qiang, ZHANG Jia-de, LU Zheng-yan, LUO Ming-xue, BI Kun, CHEN Rong
2009, 28(4): 397-401. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.011
Abstract PDF(336KB) icon1901 icon1423
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The karst environment takes up 61.9% in area in Guizhou province, which leads to weak environment and backward economy. Contrastive studies on element content of rock, soil and agricultural production in carbonate rock area and non-carbonate rock area are made in order to find factors leading to low output and poor quality of agricultural products in karst area. The study shows that carbonate rock lacks nutrient elements with the trace element content in carbonate rock is only 3.532 27（×10-4）but the trace element content in clastic rock is up to 10.894 21（×10-3）. The effective element content in cultivated soil delivered from carbonate rock is low to 1.014×10-4 but up to 3.260 5×10-4 in cultivate soil delivered from clastic rock. The effective element content and total element content in cultivated soil delivered from clastic rock are 3 times higher than that from carbonate rock. High quality agriculture products such as rice, potato and tea mainly produced in non-carbonate area. And it is believed the low output and quality of products is resulted from the above-mentioned low trace element content and poor agriculture environment.
Changing rule of soil physicochemical features under different grade of desertification — A case study at Puding station of Guizhou karst center
PENG Xi, HUANG Ying, CHE Jia-xing, LU Lan
2009, 28(4): 402-405. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.012
Abstract PDF(270KB) icon2080 icon1455
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The article discusses the relationship between soil and desertification through analyzing soil regime during desertification process on the basis of data from Puding station of Guizhou karst center. The results indicate that (1) capillary porosity and natural moisture content of the soil decreases as the rocky desertification intensifying; (2)saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil increases with soil erosion; (3)bulk density of the soil generally increases with the grade of rock desertification; (4) there is a close relationship between desertification and soil nutrient status, and the higher the grade of rock desertification，the lower the soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrient content.
Study on coupling eco-agricultural system with community tourist system in karst rock desertification area — A case in Yangchangdong, Qingzhen
ZOU Xi-xia, DU Fang-juan, XIONG Kang-ning
2009, 28(4): 406-412. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.013
Abstract PDF(543KB) icon4562 icon3051
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The fragile ecosystem in karst rock desertification area restricts heavily socioeconomic development. In order to strengthen and consolidate the management achievement, the problem of coupling the ecologic system with economic system should be considered. In this paper, the Yangchangdong management demonstration area in Qingzhen city is taken as an example to analyze the processes, the ways and the mechanisms of eco-economic system coupling in karst rocky desertification according to eco-economy theory and system theory through field trips and door-to-door interviews. The study find that it enables effective coupling of the eco-agricultural system with the community tourist system by means of taking rocky desertification control as start point, putting tourist development into the rocky desertification control project, considering the rocky desertification control projects as tourist landscape resources, developing both resources in the eco-agricultural system and the community tourist system. After the coupling of the system, the following powerful system function and positive effect can be made: consolidation of the achievements for rocky desertification control project and increase of resident income in the community as well as efficient use of resources.
Influence of microhabitat to community structure of soil macrofauna in karst rocky desertification
YE Yue, ZHOU Yun-chao
2009, 28(4): 413-418. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.014
Abstract PDF(387KB) icon1816 icon1169
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Soil macrofauna under microhabitat (soil surface, stone pit, stone gully) in karst region of Huajiang river valley is studied, and community structure of soil animal, spatial distribution and biomass are used in order to prove the microhabitat impact to soil animal in the paper. The results show that there are 276.7 soil macrofauna that belong to 3 phylums, 7 classes, 24 species under microhabitat in limestone in southwest Guizhou being discovered. The predominant group of ants accounts for the total of 56.75%. Diversity of soil surface, stone gully and stone pit is 1.199, 1.592 and 1.962; evenness index of soil surface, stone gully and stone pit is 0.616, 0.989 and 1.095; dominance of soil surface, stone gully and stone pit is 0.545, 0.353 and 0.245 in soil macrofauna community structure. Correlation analysis with spss13.0 shows that there is no remarkable influence to individual number and group number by different microhabitat and soil layer with F-value being 0.834 and 1.226 respectively, but remarkable influence to the soil animal biomass by microhabitat with F-value being 3.844. In three kinds of microhabitats, stone gully is advantageous to soil animal survival. The harsh microhabitat and sole species lead to the weaken of soil animal biomass and community.
An alternative study on the most suitable fusion method of IRS-P6 in the karst plateau mountainous areas—A case in Sizhai town, Pingtang county of Guizhou province
LIU Meng-qi, ZHOU Zhong-fa, LI Bo
2009, 28(4): 419-425. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.015
Abstract PDF(1041KB) icon1706 icon1394
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Guizhou plateau, a karst plateau mountainous area, locates in the center of southwest China karst. The ecological environment background there is complex with sharp cutting surface, great elevation and steep slope as well as the monsoon climate with perennial cloudy and rainy weather. As a result, the quality of the remote sensing data from the satellite is often affected seriously. This study is taking Sizhai town in Guizhou province as an example and focusing on the fusion with the 4, 3, 2-band multi-spectral and the panchromatic band from IRS-P6 satellite remote sensing images. The four ordinary fusion methods include IHS, PCA, Multiplicative and Brovey transform. Studies show that fusion result of IHS is the best. It not only maintain the spectral information of the original multi-spectral image, but greatly improve the spatial resolution, the visual effects, the expression of clarity and the texture details. As the most suitable fusion method used in sub-tropical karst plateau mountainous region, IHS fusion method can enhance the image resolution greatly and improve the images visual effects and enhance the sharpness and lines detail. So, IHS fusion is of significant to get high-quality images that is difficult to get in sub-tropical karst plateau mountainous region.
The application of Gray GM (1,1) model and Verhulst model in the forecast of farmland in the karst area — A case in Bijie ecological experimental area
DU Jiang, AN Yu-lun, YUAN Shi-cong
2009, 28(4): 426-431. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.016
Abstract PDF(425KB) icon1826 icon1566
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As a typical karst area with a dense population and fragile ecological environment as well as serious soil erosion in Bijie ecological experimental area, the farmland protection is particularly important. Based on the statistic data of farmland from 1998 to 2006 in Bijie Region, this paper forecasts the changes of farmland in karst region with GM (1,1) model and the Verhulst model respectively. The forecast results show that both GM (1,1) model and the Verhulst model reveal the cultivated land in Bijie Region decreases gradually in the next years. However, by the NC verification of the model, the change of the original data of the cultivated land in the study area shows an S curve. To the imitation of the original data, the prediction results of the grey GM (1,1) are more accuracy than the Verhulst model, while the Verhulst is more suitable for the forecast of the changes in the coming years of the cultivated land in the study area. It can provide the basis for the rational use of land resources, the preparation of land-use planning and the protection of farmland.
Sinkhole insurance statutes of Florida in America and its enlightenment
ZHAO Zheng-jun, JIANG Xiao-zhen, ZHENG Shi-hua
2009, 28(4): 432-438. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2009.04.017
Abstract PDF(597KB) icon1984 icon2262
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It is an important method to distract risk through insurance. Establishing an independent type of insurance for geo-hazards is a kind of tendency. Sinkhole is one of the six great geo-hazards. About 1/3 of our country land is dissoluble rocks, and provinces in Southwest China is especially serious, where there is more sinkhole. It causes houses fall down or split, land sink and traffic destroyed, which affects people’s life and threatens the safe of life and poverty. Developed country has had a perfect insurance system for loss by sinkhole activities. While sinkhole insurance research in china is still a blank. This article introduces sinkhole insurance system of Florida from the aspect of legislation, determining the index and loss judgment. The intent of the paper is to give enlightenment to sinkhole insurance development in our country.
2009, 28(4): 439-0.
Abstract PDF(50KB) icon1554 icon593
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