岩溶区地下水污染水力通道注浆封堵现场试验研究

姬之皓; 陈世万; 吴佼基; 余会云; 吴攀; 马蓝建

doi:10.11932/karst2025y021

岩溶区地下水污染水力通道注浆封堵现场试验研究

doi: 10.11932/karst2025y021

姬之皓^1,,
陈世万^{1, 2, ,},
吴佼基¹,
余会云³,
吴攀^{1, 2},
马蓝建¹

1.
贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025, 中国
2.
喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025, 中国
3.
贵州金兴黄金矿业有限责任公司, 兴义 562305, 中国

基金项目: 贵州省重大科技成果转化项目“地下河走向物理化学探测及数字地图绘制技术集成与应用”（黔科合成果[2023]重大 006）；贵州省重大专项“岩溶地区抽水蓄能关键技术研究与应用”（黔科合重大专项[2024] 008）

详细信息

作者简介:
姬之皓（2000—）男，硕士研究生，主要从事地质工程方面研究。E-mail：404490029@qq.com

通讯作者:
陈世万（1990—）男，副教授，博士，硕士研究生导师，主要从事地质工程及岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：swchen@gzu.edu.cn。

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-01-01
- 录用日期: 2025-03-19
- 修回日期: 2025-03-14
- 网络出版日期: 2025-10-20

Field experiment on hydraulic channel sealing via grouting to prevent groundwater pollution in karst region

JI Zhihao^1
,,
CHEN Shiwan^{1, 2
, ,},
WU Jiaoji¹,
YU Huiyun³,
WU Pan^{1, 2},
MA Lanjian¹

1.
College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment(Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang,Guizhou 550025, China
3.
Guizhou Jinxing Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Xingyi 562305, China

摘要

摘要: 岩溶区地下水系统复杂，岩溶通道发育，为封堵矿区地下水污染优势水力通道，量化评价注浆效果，本文以贵州紫木凼矿区为研究对象，对已探明的岩溶通道开展帷幕注浆封堵试验，并在注浆全过程利用电阻率法实时原位监测，评价注浆封堵效果。现场试验显示：（1）注浆过程地层电阻率升高，注浆井附近电阻率升高更为明显；（2）注浆井半径2 m区域内，浆液最大扩散面积达99.2%；（3）基于阿尔奇公式，将电阻率数据转换为地层孔隙率，结果表明注浆后扩散范围内的地层孔隙率最高降低了65.7%，平均孔隙率最高降低39.9%。研究表明，采用电阻率监测可实现对岩溶通道注浆封堵效果的实时监测和评价，为评价岩溶区地下水污染优势通道帷幕注浆封堵效果提供技术支持。
- 地下水污染 /
- 原位监测 /
- 帷幕注浆 /
- Archie公式 /
- 孔隙率
Abstract: The karst regions in southwestern China are characterized by intense karstification, complex hydrogeological conditions, and well-developed karst conduits with pronounced spatial heterogeneity. These factors contribute to the inherent vulnerability of karst groundwater systems, rendering them highly susceptible to contamination. Additionally, large-scale mining activities in these areas generate substantial volumes of wastewater and waste materials, exacerbating groundwater pollution. Consequently, the development of scientific technologies for the prevention, control, and assessment of groundwater pollution is of significant importance. This study focuses on the Zimudang mining area in Guizhou Province, where curtain grouting experiments were conducted to seal identified karst conduits, targeting the dominant hydraulic pathways of groundwater contamination. Real-time in-situ monitoring using electrical resistivity methods was employed throughout the grouting process to evaluate the effectiveness of the sealing measures.The Zimudang depression is a critical surface water convergence area within the study region, where the converging surface water is transformed into groundwater through the K20 drainage cave located beneath a steep cliff on the northeastern side of the depression. Mining activities have compromised the water-blocking function of the F1 fault, altering the groundwater flow so that it converges toward the mined-out areas and mining tunnels. Within the mining area, the K20 drainage cave serves as a channel for the concentrated recharge of groundwater by atmospheric precipitation; once entering the K20 drainage cave, the principal karst hydraulic conduits extend roughly in an east−west direction. Taking into account the characteristics of subterranean river channels, topography, and surface structures, the curtain grouting test site was determined to be located in the northern part of the tailings pond. Drilling and borehole television surveys were conducted at the site, and analysis of core logs and borehole TV results confirmed significant karst development in the underlying strata, which serve as the dominant hydraulic pathways for groundwater contamination migration. To ensure that the grout solution adequately permeates and fills fractures and karst cavities, high-pressure intermittent grouting was adopted, with grouting performed sequentially from ZJ08 to ZJ01, followed by a second round after the injected grout cooled. Throughout the entire grouting process, high-density resistivity and transient electromagnetic methods were employed to monitor changes in formation resistivity.In this experiment, one high-density electrical measurement line and eleven transient electromagnetic measurement lines were deployed. Three electrode configurations—Wenner, dipole, and Schlumberger—were utilized, with measurement depths of 15 m, 15 m, and 17 m, respectively. All three configurations demonstrated a clear increase in formation resistivity within the grouted zone, with the low-resistivity regions adjacent to the boreholes exhibiting more pronounced improvements post-grouting. For instance, among the transient electromagnetic measurement survey lines (S3, S5, S7, S8, S10, and S11), significant increases in formation resistivity were observed in lines S3, S5, S7, and S8, indicating effective grouting and sealing. In contrast, lines S10 and S11 showed either negligible changes or a decrease in resistivity after grouting. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that line S10 was situated beyond the grouting influence zone due to its distance from the grouting wells, while line S11 exhibited localized resistivity reductions, likely caused by the displacement of water from karst cavities and fractures as grout infiltrated these features. Analysis of the geophysical monitoring data revealed that the high-density electrical method is more suitable for detecting shallow resistivity variations in areas with limited terrain, whereas the transient electromagnetic method is more effective for characterizing deeper subsurface electrical properties.To quantitatively assess the grouting effectiveness, formation porosity was derived from resistivity measurements using Archie's formula. By comparing porosity variations before and after grouting, the grout diffusion area was delineated, and the effectiveness of blocking groundwater pollution pathways was evaluated. For instance, in measurement lines S3, S5, S7, and S8, the grout diffusion area within a 2-meter radius of the grouting wells ranged from 21.42 to 99.32 m². The maximum reduction in formation porosity reached 65.7%, with an average porosity reduction of 39.9%. This study demonstrates that electrical resistivity monitoring enables real-time in-situ evaluation of the grouting sealing effectiveness in karst conduits. In addition, by converting resistivity data into formation porosity for quantitative analysis, it is possible to accurately delineate the grouting diffusion area and sealing range, thereby assessing whether key hydraulic pathways have been effectively sealed. This approach provides robust technical support for evaluating the performance of curtain grouting in blocking the dominant groundwater contamination pathways in karst regions.
- Groundwater pollution /
- In-situ Monitoring /
- Curtain Grouting /
- Archie's Law /
- Porosity

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图 1 矿区水文地质图

Figure 1. The hydrogeological map of the mining area

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图 2 紫木凼金矿水文地质概念模型

Figure 2. The hydrogeological conceptual model of the Zimudang Gold Mine

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图 3 ZJ04钻孔柱状图

Figure 3. ZJ04 Drilling Column Chart

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图 4 ZJ05顶板钻孔位置电视结果

Figure 4. Results of Television Survey at Roof Drilling Location

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图 5 注浆试验示范研究区

Figure 5. Grouting Test Demonstration Research Area

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图 6 注浆过程相关照片

Figure 6. Photos of the Grouting Process

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图 7 高密度电阻率法和瞬变电磁法测线布置图

Figure 7. Layout of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Transient Electromagnetic Method Survey Line

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图 8 测线L1剖面高密度电法反演结果

Figure 8. Survey Line L1 Profile Electrical Resistivity Tomography Inversion Results

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图 9 瞬变电磁探测结果图

Figure 9. Transient Electromagnetic Method Survey Results Map

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图 10 测线孔隙率分布图

Figure 10. Survey Line Porosity Distribution Map

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图 11 注浆前后孔隙率变化图

Figure 11. Porosity Change Map Before and After Grouting

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图 12 扩散面积和孔隙率变化量化分析图

Figure 12. Quantitative Analysis Chart of Diffusion Area and Porosity Change

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表 1 钻孔岩溶发育特征

Table 1. Development characteristics of karst in boreholes

钻孔编号	深度/m	岩溶发育特征
ZJ01	50	岩溶发育较强烈
ZJ02	60	岩溶发育较强烈
ZJ03	60	8~9 m出现岩溶裂隙，岩溶发育强烈
ZJ04	100	10~11 m出现岩溶裂隙，岩溶发育强烈
ZJ05	100	23~30 m岩层裂隙发育较强烈，在34 m、50 m范围有较多溶洞生成，岩溶发育强烈
ZJ06	60	23~24 m出现岩溶裂隙，岩溶发育强烈
ZJ07	50	9~10 m出现岩溶裂隙，岩溶发育强烈
ZJ08	50	岩溶发育较强烈
JC01	50	岩溶发育较强烈

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表 2 注浆参数表

Table 2. Grouting Parameter Table

参数名称	规格/方法
注浆压力	3.5 MPa
注浆量	39.6 m³
浆液配比	水泥∶水（1∶2）
注浆方式	间歇注浆
注浆孔直径	110 mm
注浆效果监测	高密度电阻率法、瞬变电磁法

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表 3 测线探测结果分析

Table 3. Survey Line Detection Results Analysis

测线	注浆效果	注浆影响范围	备注
S1	在注浆过程中较明显	1518~1530 m段	岩溶发育较强烈
S2	1526 m以上无明显效果，1526 m以下效果明显	1510~1526 m段	下部岩溶发育较强烈
S3	全段效果明显	1498~1535 m全段	岩溶发育较强烈
S4	全段效果明显	1498~1535 m全段	岩溶发育较强烈
S5	上部效果显著	1498~1535 m全段	岩溶发育强烈
S6	上部效果明显	1514~1533 m段	下部岩溶发育不明显
S7	注浆钻孔附近明显	全段均有影响	岩溶发育较强烈
S8	在注浆过程中较明显	1494~1507 m段	岩溶发育较强烈
S9	无明显效果		浆液注入钻孔时挤压水渗入附近岩层中
S10	无明显效果		测线距离注浆井较远
S11	下部效果明显		下部岩溶发育较强烈

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