Mechanisms and pathways of realizing the value of karst ecological products in Hebei Province
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摘要: 鉴于当前生态产品机制与路径尚不完善，存在溢价效应低、价值转化效率低下的问题，文章以河北喀斯特面积占比大于10%的35个地区为例，结合本地化数据核算生态系统生产总值(GEP)，并在核算GEP的基础上，评估生态产品价值转化率，分析其影响因素，基于价值转化率的角度，提出提高生态产品价值实现的机制与路径建议。结果表明：研究区2022年GEP为
6028.22 亿元，价值转化量为2172.11 亿元，转化率为36.03%，物质产品和文化服务产品贡献了35.2%的价值转化率，是目前最有效的生态产品，而调节服务贡献了0.83%的价值转化率。这揭示河北喀斯特地区存在生态系统机制脆弱、保障机制不完善和实现路径单一等问题，据此提出差异化改进策略：在机制层面建议完善基础保障、建立长效激励和强化生态保护修复；在路径层面提出政府主导、市场驱动及政市协同的三元模式。Abstract:The karst ecological environment is characterized by fragility, sensitivity, vulnerability, heterogeneity, and limited natural regenerative capacity. The ecosystem formed through karst ecological restoration and conservation provides essential ecological products (eco-products) for human beings. Realizing the value of these products is an important initiative for addressing human-land conflicts in fragile environments, sustaining the benefits of ecological restoration, promoting the sustainable development of poverty alleviation efforts, and practicing the principle that "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets". Hebei Province, which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, is characterized by high terrain in the northwest and low terrain in the southeast, with a variety of landforms. Two major mountain ranges, the Yanshan Mountains and the Taihang Mountains, cover 48.1% of the total area of the province. China is implementing restoration and protection projects for karst forest ecosystems through the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program. These ecosystems are ecologically significant, as they contribute to the conservation of water, soil, and biodiversity. They serve as primary providers of eco-products and form a crucial ecological security barrier for the North China Plain. Recognizing the intrinsic value of eco-products in this region is essential, as it will act as a key driver for transforming green mountains into invaluable assets in the karst ecologically fragile areas—an approach that reflects distinctive Chinese and Hebei characteristics. Therefore, given the unique features of the karst terrain in Hebei, it is imperative to assess the value of eco-products based on localized data. This approach will enhance the realization of their value and optimize transformation rates in response to environmental heterogeneity and other factors. This study holds significant academic and reference values for Hebei and even the broader northern karst regions. In the karst regions of Hebei, the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program has implemented large-scale karst ecological restoration and protection efforts, but raising critical questions: Can these ecosystems further optimize their service functions? Can they provide additional high-quality eco-products to meet people’s growing need for a beautiful environment? Can green mountains be effectively transformed into invaluable assets? The chain process of karst eco-products valuation, value transformation, and the value realization mechanisms and pathways becomes the key scientific challenge underlying the technical bottlenecks that must be addressed in this region. The realization of the value of eco-products refers to the process of transforming their ecological value into economic profits through the rational development and utilization of eco-products under the premise of maintaining ecosystem stability and integrity. The mechanisms for realizing the value of eco-products include policy, market and technology approaches to promote the value realization. The total economic value of eco-products transformed through various pathways is termed the amount of value transformed. Addressing the shortcomings of the existing eco-product mechanisms and pathways—such as low premium effects and inefficient value transformation—this study employs 35 regions in Hebei with the karst area exceeding 10% of the total area as a case study. Based on localized data accounting, it calculates the Gross Ecological Product (GEP) and evaluates the value transformation rate of eco-products. By analyzing influencing factors from the perspective of value transformation efficiency, this study proposes mechanisms and pathways to enhance the realization of eco-product value. The results show that the GEP of karst regions in Hebei in 2022 was 602.822 billion yuan, the value transformed from eco-products was 217.211 billion yuan, and the value transformation rate is about 36.03 %. Material products and cultural service products contributed 35.21% of the value transformation rate, representing the most effective eco-products in the karst regions of Hebei, while regulating services contributed only 0.83 %. The study reveals the existence of fragile ecosystem mechanisms, imperfect safeguard mechanisms, and a limited range of realization pathways in the karst regions of Hebei. Accordingly, differentiated improvement strategies are proposed: at the mechanism level, it is suggested to strengthen ecological protection and restoration, improve basic security and establish long-term incentives; at the level of implementation pathway, a trigram model encompassing government leadership, market-driven mechanisms, and government-market coordination should be introduced. -
图 2 2022年河北喀斯特区GEP构成图
Figure 2. Composition of GEP in the karst regions of Hebei in 2022
图 3 2022年河北喀斯特区UAGEP分布图
Figure 3. Distribution of UAGEP in the karst regions of Hebei in 2022
图 4 调节服务价值与喀斯特面积关系图
Figure 4. Relationship between the value of regulating services and the extent of karst regions
图 6 河北喀斯特区生态产品价值实现机制与路径图
Figure 6. Mechanism and pathway for realizing the value of karst eco-products in Hebei
表 1 生态产品价值核算指标体系
Table 1. System of value accounting indexes for eco-products
产品类别 编号 核算指标 表征指标 单位 数据来源 一级指标 编码 二级指标 编号 物质产品 A 农林牧
业产品A1 物质产品产量 A101 农林牧渔业总产量 t 统计年鉴 A2 物质产品产量 A102 农林牧渔业总产值 亿元 实地调查、中国农业信息网 调节服务
(森林、
灌木、
农田、
草地
生态
系统)B 土壤保持 B1 土壤保持量 B101 保持土壤含量 t 实验室分析碳、氮、磷、钾含量，C、P值引用白晓松、高海东等[25,28]研究成果 保持土壤价值 B102 减少面源污染价值 亿元 参考《生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算理论与方法》、中国价格信息网 B103 减少泥沙淤积价值 亿元 参考中国水利部 B104 保持土壤肥力价值 亿元 中国价格信息网 水源涵养 B2 水源涵养供给量 B201 水源涵养量 t 国家青藏高原科学数据中心 水源涵养价值 B202 水源涵养价值 亿元 中国水利部门官方网站 大气净化 B3 大气污染物净化量 B301 二氧化硫净化量 t 参考《生态产品价值总值核算规范》 氮氧化物净化量 t 颗粒物净化量 t 大气净化价值 B302 净化二氧化硫价值 亿元 参考《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》税收标准 净化氮氧化物价值 亿元 净化颗粒物价值 亿元 固碳 B4 固碳功能量 B401 CO2固定总量 t 参考《生态产品价值总值核算规范》、《陆地生态系统生产总值（GEP）核算技术指南》 固定二氧化碳价值 B402 固定CO2价值 亿元 参考《生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算理论与方法》 释氧 B5 释放氧气功能量 B501 O2释放总量 t 参考《生态产品价值总值核算规范》、《陆地生态系统生产总值（GEP）核算技术指南》 释放氧气价值 B502 O2释放价值 元 参考《生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算理论与方法》 气候调节 B6 气候调节价值 B601 植被蒸腾量 mm 以国家规定的空调开启制冷的最低温度(26 ℃)为服务基准、国家青藏高原科学数据中心 B602 气候调节价值量 亿元 参考河北电网与实地调查 病虫害控制 B7 病虫害控制价值 B701 林地、园地病虫
害控制量km2 参考中国30 m年度土地覆盖数据集及其动态变化(1985-2022年) B702 林地、园地病虫害
控制价值量亿元 参考王莉雁等[33]研究成果 文化服务 C 旅游收入 亿元 统计年鉴、统计公报 
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表 2 生态产品价值转化效果评价指标体系
Table 2. System of evaluation effect indexes for value transformation of eco-products
类型 价值转化量评价指标 价值量指标 数据来源 一级指标 二级指标 三级指标 四级指标 生态产品 生态产品价值转化量（VTEP） 生态产品价值（GEP） — 物质供
给产品物质供给产
品价值转化
量(VTMSP)食物价值 — — 物质供给产品价值量（VMSP） 实地调查、中国农业信息网 原料价值 — — 供水价值 — — 调节服
务产品调节服务产
品价值转化
量(VTRSP)生态保护补偿（EPC） 森林生态保护补偿 森林生态效益补偿 调节服务产品价值量(VRSP) 财政决算报告、国民经济和社会发展统计公报、河北省宏观经济数据库 停伐补助 退耕还林还草补助 水生态保护补偿 大中型水库移民后期扶持资金 农业生态保护补偿 农业资源保护修复与利用补偿 各种农业补贴 国家重点生态功能区财政转移支付 — 资源枯竭型城市转移支付资金 — 生态税费（ET） 环境税 — 资源税 — 耕地占用税 — 权益交易
（ETF）用能权交易费 — 河北环交所官网 排污权交易费 — 碳排放交易费 — 水权交易费 — 文化服务产品价值转化量（VTCSP） 旅游收入(TR) — — 文化服务产品价值量(VCSP) 统计年鉴、
统计公报
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表 3 生态产品转化情况表
Table 3. Transformation of eco-products
类型 价值转化量评价指标 河北喀斯特生态
产品价值转化
量/亿元河北喀斯特生态
产品价值
转化率/%一级指标 二级指标 三级指标 四级指标 物质供
给产品物质供给产品
价值转化量− − − 1212.32 20.11 调节服
务产品调节服务产品
价值转化量生态保
护补偿森林生态保护补偿 森林生态效益补偿 3.53 0.83 停伐补助 退耕还林还草补助 水生态保护补偿 大中型水库移民后期
扶持资金5.40 农业生态保护补偿 农业资源保护修复与
利用补偿6.84 各种农业补贴 国家重点生态功能区
财政转移支付− 6.56 资源枯竭型城市转移
支付资金− 2.49 生态税费 环境税 − 25.16 资源税 − 耕地占用税 − 权益交易 用能权交易费 − 0.18 排污权交易费 − 碳排放交易费 − 水权交易费 − 文化服
务产品文化服务产品
价值转化量− − − 909.63 15.10 汇总 − − − − 2172.11 36.03
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