Degradation characteristics of limestone from the Qutang Gorge to Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges Reservoir area
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摘要: 文章以三峡库区瞿塘峡至巫峡段消落带灰岩为研究对象，基于地质调查、回弹试验、声波波速测试、干湿循环试验和CT扫描等多源方法与技术，开展岩体（岩石）质量劣化、强度变化、微观劣化规律分析，系统研究该类岩体劣化特征。结果表明：三峡库区瞿塘峡至巫峡段灰岩劣化现象主要有裂隙扩展与新生、溶蚀/潜蚀和机械侵蚀3种类型；经历库水位升降周期后，库水位变动带岩体强度降低明显，且有浅表层劣化快、深层劣化较慢的规律；干湿循环条件下结构面、裂隙等缺陷的存在是岸坡岩体劣化的控制性因素；应力对裂隙的扩展作用要远大于溶蚀作用，岩体遭受劣化的主要机制是水流的溶蚀作用与应力断裂，其中应力是裂隙扩展的主要影响因素；岩石劣化过程中裂隙动态演化过程依次为表面孔隙增多，裂隙逐渐由表及里扩展延伸，岩样内部孔隙明显大幅度增多，裂隙结构面再扩展并不断增加其孔隙度使得裂隙显化愈加明显。Abstract:
The study area encompasses the section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area from Qutang Gorge to Wuxia Gorge, stretching from Baidicheng in Fengjie county, Chongqing City in the west to Guandukou of Badong county in the east. The lithology of this area is predominantly composed of Permian and Triassic carbonate rocks. Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2008, multiple geological disasters have occurred in the carbonate rock slopes. The periodic changes in reservoir water levels have exacerbated rock mass degradation, leading to the development of new geological hazards that pose a significant threat to the geological safety of the reservoir area. Rock mass degradation is primarily driven by water level fluctuations, dissolution, and stress changes, involving complex interactions of physical erosion and chemical dissolution. Existing research has focused on obtaining physical and mechanical parameters of rocks, with limited attention to the original structures, structural degradation, microscopic mechanisms, and prolonged evolution patterns. These geological factors are crucial in influencing the development of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This study focused on limestone in the study area to reveal the patterns and mechanisms of rock mass degradation, aiming to provide technical support for the prevention and control of rock slope disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. This study also employed in-situ testing methods such as rebound strength of rock masses and acoustic wave velocity, along with laboratory experiments including dry-wet cycling and CT scanning, to analyze the degradation of rock mass (rock) quality, changes in strength, and microscopic degradation patterns. The results show, (1) After 13 cycles of reservoir water level fluctuations (2008–2021), the rebound strength of rock mass surfaces in zones of water level fluctuations decreased by 11.15%–24.81%, with an annual average reduction rate of 1.01%–2.26%. (2) Acoustic wave velocity and borehole television images reveal that the rock mass is more fractured near the surface, with densely developed fissures. Overall, the shallower the rock mass is buried, the higher the rate of decrease in acoustic wave. (3) After each dry-wet cycle, the longitudinal and transverse acoustic wave velocities of the rock samples decreased by 0.08%–0.15% and 0.26%–0.65%, respectively. The uniaxial compressive strength decreased by approximately 0.94%, and the deformation modulus decreased by about 0.38%. (4) After 50 dry-wet cycles, the average reduction rates of longitudinal and transverse wave velocities were 5.74% and 0.52%, respectively, while the uniaxial compressive strength and deformation modulus decreased by 0.94% and 0.38%, respectively. (5) CT scans of the rocks showed that under water-rock interaction, the internal pores of the rock mass continuously increased, and the integrity of the rock mass declined significantly, indicating obvious degradation. Conclusions are drawn as follows, (1) The degradation of rock mass quality is closely related to the distribution of fissure surfaces and the depthes of the rock layers. Defects, such as fissure surfaces, are controlling factors for the degradation of rock mass quality. This degradation is not uniform; it occurs more rapidly near the surface and at a slower rate at greater depths. (2) Physical scouring erosion and chemical dissolution, both caused by reservoir water flow, are significant factors in the degradation of rock mass quality in the drawdown zone. Physical scouring erosion occurs more rapidly and is more pronounced than chemical dissolution. -
图 1 研究区(瞿塘峡至巫峡段)测试/取样点位置图
Figure 1. Locations of testing/sampling points in the study area (from Qutang Gorge to Wuxia Gorge)
图 3 箭穿洞段溶蚀/潜蚀劣化现象
Figure 3. Degradation resulted from corrosion/subsurface erosion in the Jianchuan Cave
图 4 大宁河段机械侵蚀劣化现象
Figure 4. Degradation resulted from mechanical erosion in the section of the Daning River
图 5 黄南背库岸岩体强度回弹值
Figure 5. Strength rebound value of rock mass along the bank of the Huangnanbei Reservoir
图 6 瞿塘峡库岸岩体强度回弹值
Figure 6. Strength rebound value of rock mass along the bank of the Qutang Gorge Reservoir
图 7 箭穿洞库岸岩体强度回弹值
Figure 7. Strength rebound value of rock mass along the bank of the Jianchuan Cave
图 9 多期跨孔声波波速对比
Figure 9. Comparison of velocities of multi-phase cross-hole acoustic waves
图 10 干湿循环条件下裂隙岩体纵向波速变化图
Figure 10. Variations in longitudinal wave velocities of fractured rock mass under dry-wet cycle conditions
图 11 干湿循环条件下裂隙岩体横向波速变化图
Figure 11. Variations in lateral wave velocities of fractured rock mass under dry-wet cycle conditions
图 12 干湿循环试验前后抗压强度和变形模量对比图
Figure 12. Comparison of compressive strength and deformation modulus before and after dry-wet cycle tests
图 14 岩样试验前后质量变化折线图
Figure 14. Line chart of mass change of C1 rock sample before and after test
图 15 酸化试验前后裂隙形态对比图
Figure 15. Comparison of fissure morphology before and after the acidizing test
图 16 第一次压力试验前后裂隙形态对比图
Figure 16. Comparison of fissure morphology before and after the first pressure test
图 17 第二次压力试验前后裂隙形态对比图
Figure 17. Comparison of fissure morphology before and after the second pressure test
图 18 岩样试验前后整体孔隙率变化图
Figure 18. Overall porosity variations before and after the rock sample test
表 1 ZK05岩体典型结构面跨孔声波波速数据(单位：km·s−1)
Table 1. Data on cross-hole acoustic wave velocity of typical structural plane of ZK05 rock mass (unit: km·s−1)
时间 深度
6.2 m深度
8.4 m深度
12.6 m深度
14.2 m深度
17.6 m深度
23.2 m深度
27.0 m深度
30.8 m2017.09.16 6.527 5.826 6.617 6.602 6.329 5.665 6.370 6.209 2018.03.09 5.556 5.848 6.198 6.608 6.667 4.934 5.837 5.952 2018.05.07 4.054 4.348 5.435 6.048 5.357 5.051 5.792 4.747 2018.09.26 2.206 3.488 5.382 5.660 5.357 4.451 5.245 4.870 2019.04.01 2.194 3.214 5.185 5.565 5.237 4.234 5.178 4.870 2021.09.03 2.153 3.009 4.927 5.444 5.149 4.205 5.098 4.782 2022.05.20 2.141 2.671 4.764 5.291 4.951 4.130 4.994 4.725 总下降率 67.20% 54.14% 28.01% 19.86% 21.78% 27.10% 21.60% 23.90% 年均下降率 13.44% 10.83% 5.60% 3.97% 4.36% 5.42% 4.32% 4.78% 
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