Establishment of comprehensive remote sensing interpretation markers for geological hazards in Xuanwei City and evaluation of their application effectiveness
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摘要: 为解决单一解译标志在识别中存在的不足，提升解译效果，尽可能发现潜在的地质灾害隐患点，文章在常规的InSAR形变、光学影像基础上，充分考虑地质灾害发育条件和承灾对象，引入易发环境标志和人类活动标志，形成综合解译标志，并在云南省宣威市开展地质灾害解译应用工作。此次共解译88处地质灾害点，根据野外实地验证，35处为已有地质灾害隐患点，33处为新增潜在地质灾害点（其中19处对居民有威胁）；为评价解译标志的有效性，建立熵权—模糊评价方法对解译标志进行质量评估，结果表明：在宣威建立的综合解译标志质量良好，对潜在地质灾害隐患识别效果较好，潜在地质灾害识别准确率达62.3%。Abstract:
The study area is Xuanwei City, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, located in the southern section of the Wumeng Mountains on the central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The overall landforms consist of deep-cut mid-mountain and low-mid-mountain terrain. The predominant tectonic line direction is NE–SW. The most widely exposed strata are the Permian Xuanwei Formation (P2xn) and the Emeishan Formation (P2β). The rock mass of the basement is soft and hard, with the rocks exhibiting weak weathering resistance and poor mechanical properties. Mining and quarrying represent the largest-scale human engineering activities in Xuanwei City, where coal mines are the most widely distributed, and goaf areas continue to expand. The main types of geological hazards include landslides, ground collapses, debris flows, and subsidence. These hazards are mainly small to medium in scale, with most currently stable or basically stable. To identify as many potential geological hazard points as possible and provide guidance for ground investigations, this study integrates conventional InSAR deformation data and optical images. By fully considering the development conditions and disaster-bearing elements of geological hazards, and establishing indicators related to susceptible environments and human activities, a set of comprehensive interpretation markers have been developed. This approach addresses the limitations of single-parameter interpretation methods, improves interpretation accuracy, and is applied effectively within the study area. A total of 88 geological disaster points were identified and interpreted. To evaluate the effectiveness of these interpretation markers, an entropy weight-fuzzy evaluation method was developed to evaluate their quality. The comprehensive recognition rate was 65%, with 17% classified as basically correct and 18% as incorrect. Field verification confirmed that 61 points were correct, seven were basically correct, and 20 were incorrect. This corresponds to a recognition accuracy of 69%, the basic accuracy was 8%, and an incorrect rate of 23%. The actual verification results align with the quality evaluation results obtained with the use of entropy weight-fuzzy comprehensive method. Among the points, 35 were identified as existing geological hazards, and 33 were newly discovered geological hazards. Nineteen new points pose a threat to residents and are distributed across 13 townships, such as Baoshan, Dongshan, Longchang, and Tianba. A detailed list has been submitted to the Xuanwei Natural Resources Bureau to facilitate the implementation of appropriate prevention and control measures in the next phase. The susceptible environment forms the basis for the occurrence of geological disasters, serving as a target area and aggregation for identifying potential hazards. Markers for landslide-prone environments primarily consider slope structures dominated by consequent and oblique slopes. Collapses mainly occur on slopes above 45°, particularly those with reverse, transverse, or oblique slope structures, as well as slopes exhibiting joint development. For the beds of debris flow gullies, a slope gradient exceeding the threshold of 30‰ and a catchment area larger than 0.18 km2 are used as thresholds for interpreting markers of the water sources, while a total deposit volume greater than 5,000 m3 in the source area serves as the threshold for solid source markers. Karst collapses mainly involve carbonate strata, whereas goaf collapses are associated with coal-bearing strata and their direct overlying layers. A threshold of -20 mm·a-1 is applied to InSAR deformation to detect goaf collapses, supplemented by the boundary of mining rights and identification of the markers of mining activities. Markers of human activities are obtained from land survey data and optical remote sensing images. For roads and railways, attention is given to whether muck yard stockpiles are located in ditches, the presence of buildings and structures downstream and nearby, and the potential formation of chain disasters. The results show that the comprehensive interpretation markers established in Xuanwei City exhibit good quality and effectively identify potential geological hazards. -
图 2 宣威市地质灾害易发性分区图（引自“云南省宣威市地质灾害风险普查报告”）
Figure 2. Zoning map of geological hazard susceptibility in Xuanwei City (quoted from "Geological Hazard Risk Survey Report for Xuanwei City, Yunnan Province")
图 3 人类活动光学遥感影像特征
Figure 3. Features of optical remote sensing images of human activities
表 1 泥石流沟床比降反算结果表
Table 1. Inverse calculation results of bed slopes of debris flow gullies
流量 /m·s−1 过流面积/m2 流速/m·s−1 沟床比降/‰ 泥深1 m 泥深2 m 泥深3 m 泥深4 m 泥深5 m 30 5 6.00 726.02 288.12 167.80 114.34 84.92 30 10 3.00 45.38 18.01 10.49 7.15 5.31 40 5 8.00 2294.60 910.61 530.33 361.38 268.38 40 10 4.00 143.41 56.91 33.15 22.59 16.77 50 5 10.00 5602.04 2223.17 1294.75 882.27 655.22 50 10 5.00 350.13 138.95 80.92 55.14 40.95 100 20 5.00 350.13 138.95 80.92 55.14 40.95 100 30 3.33 69.16 27.45 15.98 10.89 8.09 100 40 2.50 21.88 8.68 5.06 3.45 2.56 
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表 2 泥石流水源区汇水面积估算
Table 2. Estimation of the catchment area of debris flow
假设清水洪峰
流量/m3·s−1径流
系数1 h最大降雨
量/mm·h−1汇水面积/
km22 0.8 50 0.179856 4 0.8 50 0.359712 6 0.8 50 0.539568 10 0.8 50 0.899281
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表 3 泥石流流量反算表
Table 3. Inverse calculation results of debris flow capacity
K I/mm F/km2 QP/m3·s−1 DC $ {\phi _C} $ QC/m3·s−1 0.8 50 0.18 2.00 1.1 0.511 12.00 0.8 50 0.36 4.00 1.1 0.511 12.96 0.8 50 0.54 6.00 1.1 0.333 3.43 0.8 50 0.899 10.00 1.1 0.333 3.71
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表 4 综合评判矩阵
Table 4. Matrix R of comprehensive evaluation
指标概率得分 正确 基本正确 不正确 易发环境标志 0.70 0.10 0.20 卫星影像标志 0.65 0.25 0.10 InSAR形变标志 0.50 0.20 0.30 人类活动标志 0.80 0.10 0.10
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表 5 解译标志熵权计算结果
Table 5. Entropy weight results W of interpretation markers
易发环境标志 卫星影像标志 InSAR形变标志 人类活动标志 合计 0.40 0.36 0.19 0.05 1.00
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表 6 综合遥感调查野外验证统计表
Table 6. Field verification results of comprehensive remote sensing survey
地质灾害类型 综合遥感解译数（处） 野外核查正确数（处） 野外核查基本正确数（处） 准确率 滑坡 35 24 2 74.3% 泥石流 26 21 2 88.5% 崩塌 4 3 75.0% 地面塌陷 23 13 3 69.6%
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