Study on karst development characteristics using cross-hole radio imaging method: A case of karst detection of Jifucun aqueduct in the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project
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摘要: 滇中引水工程积福村渡槽线路区地下岩溶发育，可能引起地基变形失稳、桩基坑壁渗涌水等工程地质问题，查明渡槽部位的岩溶发育特征意义重大。采用井间无线电波成像技术探测地下岩溶发育状况，使用联合迭代法反演得到地下介质的电磁波吸收系数，并统计解译溶洞的空间分布、形态及连通性等规律。井间无线电波成像结果精细反映了地下岩溶的位置及形态、岩体完整性等重要地质信息，其所揭示的岩溶异常范围与钻探取心及钻孔全景数字成像结果高度一致。研究表明井间无线电波成像是一种有效的岩溶探测方法，能够直观地反映地下岩溶的发育特征及影响范围，从而为渡槽工程的建设提供科学的参考依据。Abstract:
Karst development represents a common geological phenomenon, giving rise to a variety of hazards during engineering construction. These risks include structural cracks, tilting, and even building collapses, posing significant challenges to project progress, safety, and cost efficiency. To effectively address these issues, karst exploration plays a crucial role in engineering construction, as it facilitates the identification of geological anomalies and the mitigation of potential dangers. Moreover, it provides a solid foundation for project implementation. In areas characterized by karst development, a comprehensive understanding of the perils associated with this geological phenomenon becomes imperative. Therefore, placing a greater emphasis on karst exploration becomes indispensable for us to adopt effective prevention and treatment measures that ensure project quality and safety. The Jifucun aqueduct, situated in Songgui town of Heqing county, Yunnan Province, is a vital component of Segment I of Dali of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project. The geological composition surrounding the aqueduct route consists of the Upper Triassic Zhongwuo Formation (T3z), which comprises limestone intermixed with muddy limestone. Surface karst features are predominantly characterized by dissolution grooves and small sinkholes, while underground karst formations consist of dissolution caves, fractures, and gaps. The thickness of strongly dissolved and weathered limestone in the aqueduct area generally ranges from 9 m to 50 m. The pile foundation structure exhibits non-uniformity, which gives rise to concerns regarding the deformation and stability of the karst foundation. In this study, cross-hole Radio Imaging Method (RIM) was employed to detect the karst development at the position of each pile foundation of the aqueduct piers. By integrating the results from drilling core data and borehole panoramic digital images, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted to discern the characteristics and patterns of karst development within the study area. The RIM observation data, based on the established criteria for evaluating data quality, achieves the highest classification: Class I. By extracting (quasi) curves of horizontal synchronous electric field intensity from the complete set of observational data for a given section, valuable insights can be obtained regarding the approximate location of subsurface karst and the overall integrity of the underlying rock mass. Through meticulous data preprocessing, including a comprehensive review of the observation system parameters and the removal of erroneous data points, the inversion process employs the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) to determine the absorption coefficient of the electromagnetic wave between the two boreholes. Significantly, the areas exhibiting notably high absorption anomalies in the inversion results closely align with the findings obtained from core drilling data and panoramic digital images of boreholes. The detection results reveal that the curves of horizontal synchronous observation effectively illustrate the depth range of distribution of subsurface anomalies. Furthermore, the RIM provides valuable insights into the boundaries, shapes, and absorption coefficients of these abnormal areas, yielding significant geological information regarding the form, extent, and intensity of underground karst development. Additionally, they illuminate the regional scope and fragmentation degree of the rock mass fracture zone. The RIM results accurately depict crucial geological details, including the location and shape of underground karst and the integrity of the rock mass, and they demonstrate a high degree of concurrence with the karst anomalies revealed through borehole panoramic digital imaging and results of drilling cores. Hence, the RIM emerges as a reliable and efficient method for detecting karst formations, offering direct insights into the developmental traits and extent of underground karst, which serves as a valuable scientific reference for the planning and implementation of aqueduct engineering projects. -
图 6 剖面6-7~6-14重复观测数据曲线
Figure 6. Data for repeated observations of Sections 6–7 to 6–14
图 7 剖面2-1~2-10井间无线电波成像原始观测数据：（a）发射位于孔深40 m处观测曲线；（b）（近）水平同步观测曲线.
Figure 7. RIM data of Sections 2–1 to 2–10: (a) curves of cross-hole observation at the depth of 40 m; (b) curves of (quasi) horizontal synchronous observation
图 8 剖面2-1~2-10井间无线电波成像成果图（28 MHz）
Figure 8. RIM results of Sections 2–1 to 2–10 (28MHz)
图 9 ZKT2-10钻孔全景数字成像及钻探取心成果
Figure 9. Borehole panoramic digital image and core of ZKT2–10
表 1 研究区地层岩性
Table 1. Stratum lithology of the study area
界 系 组 代号 厚度/m 岩性特征 新生界 第四系 冲洪积层 Qpal 9~32 浅棕红色、黄褐色、黑褐色黏土与含砾黏土 残坡积层 Qedl 4~20 浅棕红色、黄褐色粉质黏土 中生界 三叠系 松桂组 T3sg >10 灰、灰褐色泥岩，灰黑色砂岩，泥岩夹黑色含炭质泥岩或页岩 中窝组 T3z 200~300 灰色、深灰色中厚层灰岩夹褐灰色泥质灰岩 
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介质 电阻率/Ω·m 相对介电常数 吸收系数/dB·m−1 12 MHz 20 MHz 28 MHz 水 0.1~100 80 1.82~188.55 1.83~242.99 1.83~286.99 黏土 1~10 32 17.00~59.15 20.50~75.82 22.72~89.08 灰岩 100~ 10000 15 0.04~3.85 0.04~4.06 0.04~4.13
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