“一带一路”岩溶区编图与特征分析

秦正峰; 许琦; 贾敏; 毕雪丽; 杨象鹏

doi:10.11932/karst20250311

“一带一路”岩溶区编图与特征分析

doi: 10.11932/karst20250311

秦正峰^{1, 2,},
许琦^{1, 2, ,},
贾敏³,
毕雪丽^{1, 2},
杨象鹏^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
2.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406
3.
西安交通大学, 陕西西安 710049

基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20242982，DD20221808，DD20190452）

详细信息

作者简介:
秦正峰（1992－），男，助理研究员，从事水文地质、境外编图等研究工作。E-mail：1554310026@qq.com

通讯作者:
许琦（1984－），男，高级工程师，主要从事水文地质、境外编图等研究工作。E-mail：xuqimail@foxmail.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-02-15
- 录用日期: 2025-04-02
- 修回日期: 2025-03-25
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-03
- 刊出日期: 2025-06-25

Mapping and characteristic analysis of karst areas along the Belt and Road

QIN Zhengfeng^{1, 2
,},
XU Qi^{1, 2
, ,},
JIA Min³,
BI Xueli^{1, 2},
YANG Xiangpeng^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS /Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GAZR/ International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin , Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China
3.
Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China

摘要

摘要: 文章利用MRT和ENVI软件对收集到的降水量、遥感卫星数据进行处理，编制完成“一带一路”岩溶区卫星影像图、地势图、降雨量图、蒸发量图、地表温度图等图件；通过整合遥感影像图、地质图、文献等资料数据，并结合野外实地验证，开展了高原、大斜坡、平原、滨海岩溶特征与地质、气候背景的对比分析，结果表明：（1）“一带一路”岩溶区分布面积约1 230万km²，占全球岩溶分布面积的一半以上，中国、俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦岩溶面积位居前三；（2）高程在0～1 000 m分布的岩溶面积占总岩溶面积的74%，3500 m以上分布的占比只有8%；地表温度在9 ℃以上的岩溶区面积占65.3%，而9 ℃以下的只占34.7%；年降雨量在0～210 mm分布的岩溶面积约占总面积的31%，210～540 mm的占32%，540～840 mm的占18%，超过840 mm的占19%；蒸发量在205 mm以下分布的岩溶面积占总面积的51.4%；（2）埃塞俄比亚、克罗地亚、土耳其、伊朗、泰国以及中国南方岩溶发育的条件、岩溶地貌的控制因素是：可溶岩的岩性和构造是驱动岩溶发育的内动力，气候是驱使岩溶发育的外动力，内外动力因素共同影响岩溶地貌发育；中国南方岩溶在不同的历史时期形成了不同的垂直水文剖面和溶蚀—侵蚀基准面，为适应基准面的变化，形成高程不同的岩溶地貌发育区，且高程的巨大差异也会引起气候、水文、构造条件的差异。
- “一带一路” /
- 岩溶地貌 /
- 分布范围 /
- 发育特征 /
- 对比分析
Abstract: The region along the Belt and Road is a critical global hub for energy production and supply, containing 55% of the world’s oil reserves and 76% of its natural gas reserves. Carbonate rock oil and gas reservoirs hold an extremely important position in global hydrocarbon resources. Statistics show that carbonate reservoirs account for approximately 70% of the world’s total oil and gas resources, 50% of proven recoverable reserves, and 60% of global production. By the end of 2013, there were 53 UNESCO World Heritage Sites featuring karst landscapes worldwide, including 42 designated as World Natural Heritage Sites. The stunning karst landscapes and unique cave formations have become major tourist attractions, while the abundant karst water resources and carbonate rock oil and gas reserves support human survival and development. The karst regions along the Belt and Road encompass over 50% of the global karst areas, which coincide with intensive human activities. In the context of global change, these regions face prominent environmental challenges, including karst drought, rocky desertification, water pollution, and severe geological hazards such as collapses and depression waterlogging, posing substantial threats to regional eco-environmental security.Supported by a project of the China Geological Survey, this study employed MODIS Reprojection Tool (MRT) and the Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software to conduct remote sensing interpretation of collected datasets, including annual precipitation, mean temperature, evaporation, elevation data, and satellite imagery. A specialized map of the karst geological environment along the Belt and Road was compiled, which laid a foundation for further classification of key types of karst belt along the route and serving the International Karst Science Program. By integrating remote sensing images, geological maps, literature, and other data, and combining with field verification, this study has compared the karst characteristics of plateaus, large slopes, plains, and coastal areas within their geological and climatic contexts. The main conclusions are as follows.(1) Karst distribution areas along the Belt and Road span about 12.3 million km², representing over half of the global karst coverage. Among the countries along the Belt and Road, China, Russia, and Kazakhstan have the largest karst areas, ranking as the top three in terms of karst coverage.(2) The characteristics of karst distribution under different elevations, temperatures, rainfall levels, and evaporation rates along the Belt and Road are quantitatively analyzed. Karst areas located between 0 m and 1,000 m in elevation account for 74% of the total karst area, whereas those above 3,500 m represent only 8%. Karst areas with surface temperatures above 9 ℃ comprise 65.3%, while those below 9 ℃ account for 34.7%. Regarding annual rainfall, karst areas receiving 0 mm to 210 mm constitute 31% of the total area, those receiving 210 mm to 540 mm account for 32%, 540 mm to 840 mm cover 18%, and areas with annual rainfall exceeding 840 mm represent 19%. Additionally, karst areas with evaporation rates below 205 mm account for 51.4% of the total.(3) A comparative analysis of karst development conditions and controlling factors in Ethiopia, Croatia, Turkey, Iran, Thailand, and South China reveals that the lithology and tectonics of soluble rocks serve as intrinsic drivers of karst development, establishing the fundamental framework for karst processes. Meanwhile, climate acts as an extrinsic driving force, with both factors jointly shaping the development of karst landforms. Taking the karst in South China as an example, this study analyzes the influence of tectonic uplift on the differentiation of karst landforms. Distinct vertical hydrological profiles and erosion-dissolution base levels have been formed during different geological periods. To adapt to changes in these base levels, karst geomorphological zones have been developed at varying elevations. Moreover, the significant disparities in elevation also induce variations in climate, hydrology, and tectonic conditions, which in turn cause geomorphological differentiation in karst landforms. Meanwhile, China’s Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the first terrain ladder is characterized by high altitude, low temperatures, and scarce rainfall. The development of modern karst is limited in this region, exhibiting only micro-karst formations on rock surfaces. In contrast, Southwest China (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing), located on the second terrain ladder, experiences abundant rainfall and steep slopes. This area undergoes intense fluvial downcutting, forming canyons and peak-cluster valleys. Meanwhile, Guangxi (China), Thailand, and other Indochina Peninsula plains lie on the third terrain ladder. These areas are characterized by a hot, humid climate and low-elevation terrains near sea level, exhibiting vigorous surface and subsurface karstification and developing classic karst landforms such as peak-cluster valleys, peak-forest plains, and isolated-peak plains.
- the Belt and Road /
- karst landform /
- distribution range /
- development characteristics /
- comparative analysis

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图 1 “一带一路”岩溶区卫星影像图

Figure 1. Satellite image map of karst regions along the Belt and Road

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图 2 “一带一路”岩溶区地势图

Figure 2. Topographic map of karst regions along the Belt and Road

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图 3 “一带一路”岩溶区降雨量图

Figure 3. Precipitation of karst regions along the Belt and Road

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图 4 “一带一路”岩溶区地表温度图

Figure 4. Surface temperatures of karst regions along the Belt and Road

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图 5 “一带一路”岩溶区蒸发量图

Figure 5. Evaporation of karst regions along the Belt and Road

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表 1 主要国家岩溶面积统计表

Table 1. Statistics of karst regions in major countries

国家名称	岩溶面积/km²	国土面积/km²	岩溶面积占比/%
中国	3440000^[8]	9600000	35.83
俄罗斯	1710290	17098200	10.00
哈萨克斯坦	1034859	2724901	37.98
沙特阿拉伯	630229	2150000	29.31
埃及	496123	1001450	49.54
巴基斯坦	382795	881912	43.41
印度	325321	2980000	10.92
利比亚	288475	1760000	16.39
阿富汗	265797	652230	40.75
伊朗	262178	1645000	15.94
乌克兰	248855	603500	41.24
埃塞俄比亚	246993	1104300	22.37
乌兹别克斯坦	222289	447400	49.68
土耳其	300000^[9]	783562	38.29
克罗地亚	29356^[10]	56600	51.87

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表 2 高原-大斜坡-平原-滨海岩溶特征与地质、气候背景对比

Table 2. Comparative analysis of karst characteristics and geological/climatic contexts across plateaus, large slopes, plains, and coastal zones

国家、省（区、市）	埃塞俄比亚	克罗地亚	土耳其	伊朗扎格拉斯	中国西藏	中国重庆	中国贵州	中国广西	泰国沙墩
地点	Sof Omar洞穴^[26]	Čikola峡谷^[27]	棉花堡^[28]	卡泽隆Sasan泉	那曲，安多县北山	金佛山岩溶	荔波岩溶	桂林岩溶	沙墩公园
区域	东非裂谷高原	大陆斜坡	大陆高原斜坡	大陆高原褶皱带	青藏高原	大陆高原边缘	大陆高原斜坡	大陆冲积平原	滨海海岸
气候带	热带草原气候	地中海气候	地中海气候	干旱—半干旱气候	高原高山气候	亚热带季风气候	亚热带季风气候	亚热带季风气候	热带季风气候
地层岩性	侏罗系灰岩	白垩系、始新世—渐新世灰岩	上新世灰岩	渐新世—中新世灰岩	侏罗系泥晶灰岩	二叠系、三叠系灰岩	三叠系灰岩、白云岩	泥盆系灰岩、白云岩	奥陶系灰岩
年均降雨量/mm	500~600	950~1 250	500~700	700~850	400~500	1 286~1 434	1 000~1 200	1 800~2 000	1 600~1 800
年均气温/ ℃	10~16	12~15	16~22	15~18	0~4	8~17	16~18	18~20	24~26
海拔/m	1 332	280	320	810	4 900	1 900	400	170	10
洞穴发育情况	大型洞穴系统	大型洞穴系统，发育竖井	大型多层洞穴系统，发育竖井	水平洞穴	小型洞穴	大型洞穴系统	多层洞穴系统	峰丛大洞、峰林小洞	多层洞穴系统
地貌控制因素	与东非裂谷形成相关的构造运动控制洞穴走向和发育	发育以逆断层为主的挤压构造，岩溶作用深入地下深层	阿尔卑斯造山运动期间的褶皱和逆冲断层作用，断裂发育	卡泽隆的区域走滑断裂在Dashtak背斜西北倾陷附近经过	高寒降水量低，现代岩溶发育受到限制，仅在基岩表层发育微弱溶蚀	区域降水丰沛，地表、地下岩溶极为发育，而坡度陡降，河流下切，地表及地下水快速流出，构成峰丛洼地和深切峡谷的组合		区域高温多雨，地表及地下岩溶强烈发育，地形平缓接近区域侵蚀基准面，发育典型的峰丛、峰林平原组合；在滨海区域，则发育海上石林
岩溶地貌（地表）	岩溶峡谷、谷地	坡立谷、溶蚀洼地、峡谷、落水洞、竖井等	落水洞、竖井、溶蚀洼地、坡立谷、大型温泉	岩溶谷地、坡立谷	现代岩溶不发育，以溶痕、溶孔为主；古岩溶地貌包括冻蚀石柱、石墙等冰川溶蚀形态	峰丛洼地峰丛峡谷	峰丛洼地、谷地、峡谷	峰丛、峰林平原	峰林平原海上石林
岩溶地貌（地下）	溶洞，类型较丰富的洞穴堆积物	溶洞，类型较丰富的洞穴堆积物	溶洞，类型较丰富的洞穴堆积物	不发育	不发育	溶洞，类型较丰富的洞穴堆积物	溶洞，类型丰富的洞穴堆积物	溶洞，类型极丰富的洞穴堆积物

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