Development law and influencing factors of covered karst in Shaoguan New District
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摘要: 韶关新区碳酸盐岩分布面积广，溶洞发育，对工程建设影响大，制约了城市的建设与发展，查明韶关新区覆盖型岩溶发育情况及分布规律，对韶关新区发展规划、重大项目选址等具有重要意义。通过资料收集整理、钻探等方法，对韶关新区的岩溶类型、岩溶发育与地层岩性组合、地质构造、地下水关系进行了研究，总结了岩溶发育规律及主要控制因素。区域岩溶发育平面空间上受区域性北东向构造和可溶岩展布控制，覆盖型岩溶整体呈北东向带状分布，平面岩溶发育程度可分为极强发育、强发育、中等发育和弱发育四个级别区。垂向上岩溶发育随深度的增加整体呈减弱趋势，由浅到深依次分为极强发育带、强发育带、中等发育带和弱发育带。岩溶发育主要受地层岩性、地下水活动和地质构造等因素控制，芙蓉盆地边缘梓门桥组不纯碳酸盐岩与壶天组纯碳酸盐岩接触带、江湾张屋岭和甘棠工业园区地下水强径流带、断层破碎带及芙蓉山向斜核部等区域，有利于地下水的流动，加剧了可溶岩的溶解作用，因而也加速了这些区域溶洞的形成和发育。Abstract:
The carbonate rock in the Shaoguan New District is widely distributed, and the covered karst caves are well-developed, exerting a significant influence on engineering construction and restricting the city’s construction and development. Through research on the karst types, karst development and its stratum lithology combinations, geological structures, and groundwater relationships in the Shaoguan New District, we summarized the karst development patterns and main controlling factors. The findings provide valuable guidance for the planning and urban construction of the Shaoguan New District. The covered karst area in the Shaoguan New District is mainly distributed in the valley plain and is roughly divided into three regions by the surrounding hills: the Xilian–Gantang karst valley, the karst syncline basin in Furong New City, and the terrace of the Beijiang River in the Jiangwan Area, encompassing a total area of 35 km². Horizontally, controlled by regional northeast-oriented structures and the distribution of soluble rocks, etc., karst in the study area is generally distributed in a northeast-oriented band. According to the lithology combination, groundwater recharge and runoff conditions, geological structures, topography, and detection rates of karst caves in boreholes, the degree of development of covered karst can be classified into four levels: extremely strong development, strong development, moderate development, and weak development. The area characterized by extremely strong karst development is approximately distributed in a northeast-oriented band, with a detection rate of karst caves generally exceeding 60%. This area can be broadly categorized into three types. The first type is mainly affected by lithology combinations, exemplified by the region surrounding Furongwan–Shaoguan Avenue–Hengda City, which is located near the lithological contact zone between the Hutian Formation and the Zimenqiao Formation. The second type is mainly affected by geological structures and lithology, as seen in Baoneng Mansion and the northeastern side of Xiahu Village located in the core of the Furong Mountain Syncline. The stratum lithology consists of the limestone and dolomitic limestone in the Hutian Formation, which is brittle and leads to highly developed rock joints and fractures, thereby providing favorable spaces and channels for groundwater activities. The third type is mainly affected by groundwater recharge and runoff conditions. For example, the Zhangwuling in Jiangwan and the Gantang Industrial Park are located in areas of strong runoff where groundwater discharges into the river. The intense groundwater activities in these locations provide favorable hydrodynamic conditions for karst development. The area characterized by strong karst development has a wide area and is mainly distributed in Xilian Town–Muxi Industrial Park, Gantang Industrial Park, the Furong Syncline Basin, and the south of Baimang Reservoir. The detection rates of karst caves range from 30% to 60%, and these caves are mostly distributed in the areas of groundwater runoff. The area characterized by moderate karst development is mainly distributed in Muyang Avenue–Muxi Industrial Park, Chishui New Village, the New Party School, and Cuntou, etc. The detection rates of karst caves range from 10% to 30%, and the soluble rocks are mainly from the Shidengzi Formation. The area characterized by weak karst development is mainly distributed in the peripheral regions of moderate development, and the detection rates of karst caves are generally less than 10%. Vertically, there are significant differences in karst development within the study area, which exhibit a diminishing trend as the depth increases. From shallow to deep, the area can be divided into four zones: extremely strong development, strong development, moderate development, and weak development. The zone of extremely strong karst development extends from the bedrock surface to a depth of 40 m, with detection rates of karst caves in the 20 m to 40 m depth range reaching 45%. These karst caves are mostly filled with silty clay. The zone of strong karst development is distributed at depths of 40 m to 60 m below the surface, where the detection rate of karst caves is 35%. In this zone, the karst caves are mainly fully filled or semi-filled. The zone of moderate karst development is distributed at depths of 60 m to 80 m below the surface, with a detection rate of karst caves being 20%. These caves are mainly semi-filled or unfilled. The zone of weak karst development is distributed at depths greater than 80 m, where the detection rate of karst caves is less than 10%. In this zone, the karst caves are mostly empty, with a few being semi-filled. The degree of karst development results from the interaction of various factors. Among the three areas of covered karst, the karst basin of Furong New Town is located in the core of the Furong Mountain Syncline structure, where the geological strata mainly consist of pure carbonate rocks, including the limestone and dolomitic limestone of the Hutian Formation, which are inherently brittle. The influence of the syncline structure has led to significant fracturing of the rock in the core area, providing optimal conditions for groundwater flow and dissolution. Additionally, the basin is located within a region of active groundwater flow, characterized by strong hydraulic action that can facilitate the formation and development of karst. Therefore, the overall degree of karst development in the karst basin of Furong New Town is stronger than that observed in the Xilian–Gantang karst valley and the terrace of the Jiangwan karst river. -
Key words:
- Shaoguan New District /
- karst /
- developmental characteristics /
- distribution law
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图 1 韶关新区地质简图（根据1∶5万韶关幅区域地质图修编）
1.全新世冲积层卵砾石、砂、砂质黏土 2.晚更新世冲积层砂、粉砂质岩土 3.中更新世冲积层粉细砂、粉质黏土 4.壶天组灰岩夹白云岩、白云质灰岩 5.梓门桥组泥晶灰岩、硅质岩夹泥质粉砂岩 6.测水组泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、砂岩 7.石磴子组灰岩夹泥质灰岩 8.大赛坝组细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩 9.长来组生物碎屑泥晶灰岩 10.帽子峰组粉砂岩、泥岩 11.天子岭组微晶灰岩、泥质灰岩 12.向斜 13.实、推测地质界线 14.正断层 15.逆断层 16.平移断层 17.实、推测性质不明断层 18.剖面线位置
Figure 1. Geological map of Shaoguan New Distinct (Source: Revised based on 1∶
50000 Shaoguan Regional Geological Map)1. Holocene alluvial gravel, sand, and sandy clay 2. Late Pleistocene alluvial sand, and silty soil 3. Pleistocene alluvial silty sand, and silty clay 4. Hutian Formation limestone with dolomite, and dolomite limestone 5. Zimenqiao group micritic limestone, and siliceous rocks with argillaceous siltstone 6. mudstone, silty mudstone, and sandstone of the Ceshui Formation 7. limestone with argillaceous limestone of the Shidengzi Formation 8. fine sandstone, siltstone and mudstone of the Dasaiba Formation 9. bioclastic micritic limestone of the Changlai Formation 10. siltstone and mudstone of the Maozifeng Formation 11. Microcrystalline limestone and argillaceous limestone of the Tianziling Formation 12. syncline 13. real and inferred geological boundaries 14. normal fault 15. reverse fault 16. translational fault 17. real and inferred unknown fault 18. locations of section lines
图 8 覆盖型岩溶区岩溶见洞率等直线图
Figure 8. Contour diagram of detection rates of karst caves in covered karst areas
图 9 覆盖型岩溶区不同地层岩溶发育程度统计图
Figure 9. Statistics of degree of karst development in different strata within covered karst areas
图 10 韶关站综合客运枢纽项目31号剖面图
Figure 10. Section 31 of comprehensive passenger transport hub project of Shaoguan Station
表 1 韶关新区岩溶层组特征及分类
Table 1. Characteristics and classification of karst strata in Shaoguan New District
类型 时代 岩组 代号 岩性组合特征及厚度 分布面积/km2 占岩溶区
比例/%纯碳酸
盐岩早石炭世 石磴子组 C1s 灰黑色中—厚层状灰岩，层间局部夹有薄层状含炭质泥岩、泥质灰岩，厚度＞540 m 32 50 晚石炭世—早二叠世 壶天组 C2P1h 灰白、浅灰色、肉红色厚层状灰岩夹白云岩，局部为角砾状灰岩，厚度300~800 m 18 28 不纯碳
酸盐岩晚泥盆世 天子岭组 D3t 灰黑、灰白色中—厚层状微晶灰岩、瘤状灰岩、泥质灰岩、花斑状灰岩、泥质条带灰岩，局部夹炭质泥质、白云质灰岩，厚度185~982 m 2 3 早石炭世 长来组 C1cl 浅灰—深灰色薄—中厚层状生物碎屑泥晶灰岩夹条带灰岩为主，局部夹瘤状灰岩、泥炭质灰岩、钙质页岩，厚度＞132 m 2 3 早石炭世 梓门桥组 C1z 灰岩、含炭质灰岩、燧石灰岩等，夹炭质页岩、粉砂岩、硅质岩等，厚度＜150 m 10 16 
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