Influence of mosses on the weathering features of sandstone and carbonate rocks in the subalpine region of western Sichuan
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摘要: 川西亚高山地区地形破碎、气候寒冷，裸露岩石边坡生态修复困难，探究苔藓生长对岩石风化过程的影响有利于寻找促进生态恢复的途径。文章通过对中国川西亚高山区不同尺度、不同风化条件下的砂岩和碳酸盐岩风化体和基岩性质进行分析，以明确其风化微观特征，并进一步探究苔藓植物生长对岩石风化的影响。砂岩和碳酸盐岩随着风化的进行，矿物晶型遭到破坏，岩体均出现裂隙，出现次生矿物，并伴随着铁氧化物和有机质等物质浸染，随时间增加而加剧，但砂岩在风化早期受到的风化作用比碳酸盐岩更强烈。苔藓生长对岩石风化的影响比较复杂，在风化初期，苔藓的作用不强，随着风化的进行，生物侵蚀作用加剧；苔藓生长在砂岩表面，则在风化初期就会加剧砂岩原本强烈的物理风化，并发生物质成分的转变。总体而言，苔藓植物的生长会加快岩石的风化进程，但在风化初期的影响不明显，若对碳酸盐岩边坡利用苔藓植物进行生态修复，相比砂岩效果更好，在一定时间内能起到保护作用。Abstract:
Sichuan Province is located in the Southwest China, with its western mountainous area serving as a transitional zone between the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. The climate is complex, characterized by abundant rainfall, and the terrain is mainly mountainous, featuring significant variations in elevation. The geological conditions are complex, tectonic activities are frequent, and geological disasters occur regularly. In addition, with the increasing intensity of human activities, exposed slopes and rock masses are widely distributed. The weathering and detachment of rock fragments can easily trigger secondary disasters, posing potential threats. The widespread presence of rocky slopes makes these areas prone to such events, underscoring the urgent need for ecological restoration. Mosses play a critical role in ecological succession and soil formation on rock surfaces, acting as pioneer species that promote the development of thin soil layers. Exploring the impact of moss growth on rock weathering processes is beneficial for finding ways to promote ecological restoration. This study aims to investigate the weathering processes and mechanisms in this region by analyzing weathered rock bodies and bedrock properties under varying weathering conditions to elucidate their microscopic characteristics. Additionally, the influence of moss growth on rock weathering was further investigated. We collected samples from carbonate rocks and sandstones at various sites within several counties in western Sichuan Province. Our study focused on sites with varying degrees of moss coverage and differing weathering durations. The analyses included examining the microstructural features of weathered rock surfaces, assessing mineral composition, and analyzing elemental variations to understand how mosses interact with these geological materials. These investigations were conducted by using electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineral composition, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and other analytical techniques. The results indicate that as weathering progressed, the breakdown of mineral crystal structures, the development of fractures in the rock mass, and the formation of secondary minerals occurred in both sandstone and limestone. These processes were accompanied by the infiltration of iron oxides and organic matter, and they intensified over time. Notably, sandstone exhibited a more pronounced weathering response during the early stages compared to limestone. During the weathering of carbonate rocks, a large amount of secondary minerals was produced, and the mineral composition evolved from simple to complex. In contrast, the main component of sandstone weathering has consistently been quartz; as weathering progressed, secondary minerals disappeared, and the mineral composition shifted from complex to single. The elemental content in limestone did not change significantly during the early stages of weathering, while the elemental content in sandstone changed markedly. In total, results show that the weathering of carbonate rocks is predominantly chemical, whereas physical weathering is more pronounced in sandstone. Furthermore, the impact of mosses on rock weathering is complex. For carbonate rocks, initial weathering stages exhibited minimal elemental changes with moss presence; however, with prolonged exposure, significant modifications in structural integrity and chemical composition occurred. The percentage of carbon and other elements, such as calcium and magnesium, changed markedly, due to the bioerosion effects of moss-generated organic acids, with carbon increasing and calcium and magnesium decreasing. Microstructural analysis revealed that moss-covered rocks exhibited deeper and wider fissures compared to their bare counterparts. This increase in fissure size is correlated with the mechanical and biochemical actions of mosses, which exploited small crevices to enhance their growth and further facilitate the weathering process. Over time, mosses create a conducive environment for microbial activity, which adds to the biochemical weathering of the rock substrate. When mosses grew on the surface of sandstone, it exacerbated the already intense physical weathering of sandstone during the early stages and resulted in compositional changes. Overall, moss growth accelerates the weathering process of rocks, but its influence is not significant during the early stages. The findings indicate that mosses significantly contribute to both the physical and chemical weathering processes of rocks, which in turn influence soil formation and ecological stability. These insights have important implications for ecological restoration strategies on exposed rock slopes, particularly in areas susceptible to erosion and geological instability. By harnessing the natural weathering capabilities of mosses, we can develop sustainable methods for restoring degraded landscapes and mitigating ecological risks associated with exposed rock surfaces. For the ecological restoration of limestone slopes, the use of mosses is more effective than its application on sandstone, as it provides protective benefits over time. Therefore, it is essential to consider the differences in rock types when we select suitable plants for ecological rehabilitation. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of moss-induced weathering on soil development and ecosystem restoration, particularly in sensitive mountainous regions. -
Key words:
- weathering /
- moss /
- sandstone /
- carbonate rock /
- western Sichuan
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图 1 川西亚高山区研究样点情况
a, b.样点分布情况图 c.XY1样地苔藓覆盖的风化砂岩 d.HDZ1样地苔藓覆盖的风化碳酸盐岩表面
Figure 1. Conditions of sampling points in the subalpine region of western Sichuan
a,b.distribution of sampling points c.moss-covered weathered sandstone in Plot XY1 d.moss-covered weathered carbonate rock surface in Plot HDZ1
图 2 新鲜、无苔藓覆盖、有苔藓覆盖碳酸盐岩表面微形态特征
a.LBZ1样地石灰岩新鲜基岩，方解石晶形完整，颗粒均一 b.LBZ1样地无苔藓覆盖的石灰岩表面，风化时间2 a，方解石晶形开始不完整，有明显的裂隙和孔洞 c.LBZ1样地有苔藓覆盖的石灰岩表面，风化时间2 a，有较深较长的裂隙，出现铁氧浸染现象 d.ZGX3样地石灰岩新鲜基岩，方解石晶形较完整，成块状 e.ZGX3样地无苔藓覆盖的石灰岩表面，风化时间5 a，表面有机质浸染，可见次生矿物 f.ZGX3有苔藓覆盖的石灰岩表面，风化时间5 a，有明显裂缝，可见较多杂质 g.HDZ1样地白云岩新鲜基岩，白云石晶形较为完整，以粒状或块状为主 h.HDZ1样地无苔藓覆盖的白云岩表面，风化时间27 a，白云石晶形发生改变，可见次生矿物 i.HDZ1样地有苔藓覆盖的白云岩表面，风化时间27 a，白云石变少，可见斜长石、石英，有较多溶蚀孔洞
Figure 2. Micro-morphological features of weathered surfaces of fresh, moss-free, and moss-covered carbonate rocks
a.fresh bedrock of limestone in Plot LBZ1, with intact crystal forms of calcite and uniform grain size b.moss-free limestone surface of Plot LBZ1, weathered for 2 years, showing partial degradation of calcite crystal forms with visible cracks and pores c.moss-covered limestone surface of Plot LBZ1, weathered for 2 years, featuring deeper and longer cracks with iron oxide staining d.fresh bedrock of limestone in Plot ZGX3, with relatively intact calcite crystals in a massive form e.moss-free limestone surface of Plot ZGX3, weathered for 5 years, exhibiting organic matter staining and visible secondary minerals f.moss-covered limestone surface of Plot ZGX3, weathered for 5 years, showing prominent cracks and an increase in impurities g.fresh bedrock of dolomite in Plot HDZ1, characterized by relatively intact dolomite crystals primarily in a granular or block form h.moss-free dolomite surface of Plot HDZ1, weathered for 27 years, displaying altered dolomite crystal forms with visible secondary minerals i.moss-covered dolomite surface of Plot HDZ1, weathered for 27 years, showing a decrease in dolomite crystals with visible plagioclase and quartz, and numerous solution pores.
图 3 新鲜、无苔藓覆盖、有苔藓覆盖碳酸盐岩风化表面微形态特征
a.XY1样地砂岩新鲜基岩，晶型完整，结构清晰，呈网状 b.XY1样地无苔藓覆盖的砂岩表面，风化时间2.5 a，晶体粒径变小，杂基变多，有次生矿物，结构不完整 c.XY1样地有苔藓覆盖的砂岩表面，风化时间2.5 a，结构破坏严重，孔隙变多，有大量铁质浸染，片状剥落痕迹明显 d.GEG样地砂岩新鲜基岩，结构清晰紧致，杂质较少，呈层状 e.GEG样地无苔藓覆盖的砂岩表面，风化时间2 a，杂质增多，有机质和铁氧化物填充，结构松散 f.GEG样地有苔藓覆盖的砂岩表面，风化时间2 a，结构破坏严重，孔隙增多，片状破坏痕迹明显
Figure 3. Micro-morphological features of weathered surfaces of fresh, moss-free, and moss-covered carbonate rocks
a.fresh bedrock of sandstone in Plot XY1, exhibiting intact crystal forms and clear, mesh-like structures b. moss-free sandstone surface of Plot XY1, weathered for 2.5 years, showing reduced crystal grain sizes, increased impurities, and the presence of secondary minerals, with an incomplete structure c.moss-covered sandstone surface of Plot XY1, weathered for 2.5 years, displaying significant structural damage, increased porosity, abundant iron staining, and clear signs of flaking d.fresh bedrock of sandstone in Plot GEG, characterized by a clear, compact structure with minimal impurities and a layered appearance e.moss-free sandstone surface of Plot GEG, weathered for 2 years, showing increased impurities with organic matter and iron oxides filling the structure, resulting in a loose texture f.moss-covered sandstone surface of Plot GEG, weathered for 2 years, exhibiting severe structural damage, increased porosity, and prominent signs of flaking.
图 4 新鲜与苔藓生长碳酸盐岩样品扫描电镜及EDS图
a, b.LBZ1样地新鲜基岩，结构完整清晰 c, d.LBZ1样地苔藓覆盖风化表面，晶体粒径变小，有絮状杂质，产生孔隙 e, f.HDZ1样地新鲜基岩，结构完整，有断裂痕迹 g, h.HDZ1样地苔藓覆盖风化表面，晶体破坏严重，形状发生改变，杂质增多，孔隙较多。
Figure 4. SEM and EDS images of fresh and moss-growth carbonate rock samples
a,b.fresh bedrock of Plot LBZ1, exhibiting an intact and clear structure c,d.moss-covered weathered surface of Plot LBZ1, characterized by reduced crystal grain size, the presence of flaky impurities, and increased porosity e,f.fresh bedrock of Plot HDZ1, displaying an intact structure with signs of fracturing g,h.moss-covered weathered surface of Plot HDZ1, showing significant crystal degradation, altered shapes, increased impurities, and greater porosity.
图 5 新鲜和苔藓覆盖风化石灰岩和砂岩XRD衍射图
a.LBZ1灰岩样品，风化时间2 a样品（LBZ1FH），风化表面与新鲜基岩（LBZ1WFH）成分基本一致 b.JJSB砂岩样品，风化时间3a样品（JJSBFH），风化表面相对于新鲜基岩（JJSBWFH），方解石、斜长石相对含量减少，石英增多 Q.石英 Cal.方解石 Dol.白云石 Pl.斜长石 Chl.绿泥石 Ms.白云母
Figure 5. XRD diffraction patterns of fresh and moss-covered weathered limestone and sandstone
a.the LBZ1 limestone sample, weathered for 2 years (LBZ1FH), showing a composition that is largely consistent with the fresh bedrock (LBZ1WFH) b.the JJSB sandstone sample, weathered for 3 years (JJSBFH), exhibiting a relative decrease in the content of calcite and plagioclase compared to the fresh bedrock (JJSBWFH), while with the increase in amount of quartz Q.quartz Cal.calcite Dol.dolomite Pl.plagioclase Chl.chlorite Ms.Muscovite.
图 6 砂岩新鲜基岩与苔藓覆盖风化表面扫描电镜及EDS线总谱图
a, b.XY1样地，新鲜基岩，结构清晰紧致，呈层状 c, d.XY1样地，风化表面，结构破坏严重，有许多片状碎片，可见杂质和次生矿物 e, f.YHSZ1样地，新鲜基岩，晶体颗粒较为完整，呈块状，杂质较少 g, h.YHSZ1样地，风化表面，晶体结构明显变小，结构松散，孔隙增多，杂质增多，可见次生矿物
Figure 6. SEM and EDS spectrum of fresh sandstone bedrock and moss-covered weathered surface
a,b.Plot XY1, fresh bedrock exhibiting a clear and compact structure with distinct layering c,d.Plot XY1, the weathered surface showing significant structural degradation, with numerous flaky fragments and visible impurities along with secondary minerals e,f.Plot YHSZ1, the fresh bedrock featuring relatively intact crystal grains and a blocky appearance with minimal impurities g,h.Plot YHSZ1, the weathered surface revealing a pronounced reduction in crystal structure, a loose texture, increased porosity, and a rise in impurities, along with the presence of secondary minerals.
表 1 采样点基本情况
Table 1. Basic information of sampling points
采样
区域采样地点/
编号海拔/
m风化时间/
a岩性 样方典型
苔藓物种苔藓盖度/
%年均温度/
℃[20]年降水量/
mm[22]理县 古尔沟
(GEG)2 215 2 砂岩 长叶提灯藓
Mnium lycopodioides60 11.4 650[23] 毕棚沟
(BPG3)2 290 49 砂岩 细叶小羽藓
Haplocladium microphyllum90 11.4 650[23] 宝兴县 夹金山
(JJSB)3 880 3 砂岩 反扭藓
Timmiella anomala30 19.3 1 275[22] 什邡 蓥华山
(YHSZ1)1 003 1~2 砂岩 细叶小羽藓
Haplocladium microphyllum10 14.9 770[22] 彭州 小鱼洞镇
(XY1)1 043 2.5 砂岩 拟灰羽藓
Thuidium glaucinoides20 15.9 865[22] 汶川 萝卜寨
(LBZ1)2 013 2 灰岩 大羽藓
Thuidium cymbifolium50 12.9 525[23] 萝卜寨
(LBZ2)1 942 9 灰岩 硬叶对齿藓
Didymodon rigidulus30 12.9 525[23] 宝兴县 泽根村
(ZGX3)2 430 5 灰岩 真藓
Bryum argenteum15 15.3 990[21] 黄店子沟
(HDZ1)2 353 27 白云岩 细叶真藓
Bryum capillare90 15.3 990[21] 
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