四川盆地元坝地区中二叠统茅口组古岩溶作用与储层发育特征

季少聪; 张庆玉; 巴俊杰; 聂国权; 董红琪; 莫国宸; 张萌

doi:10.11932/karst20250215

四川盆地元坝地区中二叠统茅口组古岩溶作用与储层发育特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20250215

季少聪^{1, 2,},
张庆玉^{1, 2, ,},
巴俊杰^{1, 2},
聂国权^{1, 2},
董红琪^{1, 2},
莫国宸^{1, 2},
张萌^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
2.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406

基金项目: 广西重点研发计划项目（桂科AB23026062）；中国地质调查项目（DD20221658）；岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目（2023004）

详细信息

作者简介:
季少聪（1994－），男，助理研究员，主要从事碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层研究。E-mail：jishaocong00@163.com

通讯作者:
张庆玉（1983－），男，正高级工程师，主要从事碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层研究。E-mail：zqyjlu@163.com。

中图分类号: P618.13
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-07-05
- 录用日期: 2024-10-31
- 修回日期: 2024-09-20
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-20

Characteristics of paleokarst processes and reservoir development of the middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Yuanba area,Sichuan Basin

JI Shaocong^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Qingyu^{1, 2
, ,},
BA Junjie^{1, 2},
NIE Guoquan^{1, 2},
DONG Hongqi^{1, 2},
MO Guochen^{1, 2},
ZHANG Meng^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observationand Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China

摘要

摘要: 元坝地区茅口组岩溶储层是该区重要储层类型之一。在古岩溶作用地质背景研究基础上，基于野外剖面、钻井岩心、测井及测试分析等资料，对四川盆地元坝地区茅口组岩溶储层发育特征、分布规律等进行研究，探讨古岩溶作用期次及对岩溶储层的影响。结果表明：①元坝地区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌整体属微地貌形态，为岩溶地貌形成演化初期特征。②茅口组岩溶储层垂向上可划分为表层岩溶带、垂向渗滤溶蚀带、径流溶蚀带和潜流溶蚀带等四个岩溶发育带，岩溶储层主要分布在表层岩溶带，且横向上连续性较好。③茅口组古岩溶缝洞系统形成于同生期或准同生期岩溶环境、表生期淡水岩溶环境、浅埋藏期岩溶环境和深埋藏期高温岩溶环境等四种岩溶环境。④有利沉积相是茅口组岩溶储层发育的物质基础，表生岩溶作用是茅口组岩溶储层发育的关键因素。
- 岩溶储层 /
- 古岩溶作用 /
- 茅口组 /
- 中二叠统 /
- 元坝地区 /
- 四川盆地
Abstract: In recent years, the Maokou Formation of the middle Permian in the Yuanba area of Northwest Sichuan has consistently yielded high-flow industrial gas, indicating significant exploration potential for the Maokou Formation in this area. Drilling has confirmed the presence of exposed karst features within the Maokou Formation, indicating that the reservoir space mainly consists of fracture-pore types. The karst fracture-pore reservoir type is one of the important reservoir types found in the Maokou Formation in this area. Previous studies have been conducted on the stratigraphic division, lithofacies paleogeography, karst layer groups, and karst paleogeomorphology of the Maokou Formation in Northwest Sichuan. However, systematic research on paleokarst stages of the Maokou Formation in the Yuanba Area, as well as its impacts and other related aspects, has been limited. This study investigates the development characteristics and distribution patterns of karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation of the Yuanba area in the Sichuan Basin, based on a study on the geological background of ancient rock dissolution. The investigation utilizes field profiles, drilling cores, logging, and analytical testing data. This study combines geochemical analyses of the filling materials found in paleokarst fractures and pores, to explore the stages of ancient rock dissolution and its impacts on karst reservoirs. The findings will support predictions regarding the karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation in the Yuanba area in subsequent research. The research results indicate, (1) Taking the top surface of a section in the Maokou Formation as the underlying reference surface, the residual thickness method was used to restore the karst paleogeomorphology of the top surface of the Maokou Formation in the study area. The karst paleogeomorphology of the top surface was categorized into four secondary geomorphological units and six tertiary geomorphological units. Overall, the karst paleogeomorphology on the top surface of the Maokou Formation in the study area is characterized by micro-geomorphological features, with locally developed mature landforms that indicate the initial stages of karst formation and evolution. The surface drainage system is not fully developed and is influenced by the topography, with runoff flowing northward and southwestward from the central region. (2) Based on the results of field profiles, drilling core observations, thin section identification, and scanning electron microscopy observations, the rock types of reservoirs in the Maokou Formation within the study area are mainly mud-crystal bioclastic limestone, bright-crystal bioclastic limestone, and a minor amount of bioclastic mud-crystal limestone. The types of storage space are classified into three categories: dissolved pores, caves, and fractures. (3) According to the classification guidance formulated by the Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation are vertically classified into four karst development zones, that is, surface karst zone, vertical infiltration and dissolution zone, runoff dissolution zone, and phreatic dissolution zone. This classification was based on the observation of field profiles, drilling core samples, logging, and the analysis of well logging and drilling records in the study area. The vertical distribution of karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation is primarily concentrated within 0–20 m below the weathering crust surface, corresponding to the surface karst zone. (4) The analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopes, along with inclusion testing of the filling materials in the paleokarst fracture-pore of the Maokou Formation in the study area indicates that the paleokarst fracture-pore system of the Maokou Formation was formed in four distinct karst environments, a contemporaneous or pene-contemporaneous karst environment, a freshwater karst environment in the hypergene period, a karst environment in the shallow-burial period, and a high-temperature karst environment in the deep-burial period. (5) Comprehensive analysis suggests that favorable sedimentary facies such as open platforms or platform edges are the material basis for the development of karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation in the study area. Epigenetic karstification is a key factor in the development of karst reservoirs in the Maokou Formation in the study area, and its degree of development is controlled by conditions such as the karst layer group, ancient landforms, and ancient water systems. The shallow-deep-burial process has transformed and adjusted the early reservoir space, further increasing the heterogeneity of the reservoir.
- karst reservoir /
- paleokarst process /
- Maokou Formation /
- middle Permian /
- Yuanba area /
- Sichuan Basin

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图 1 研究区构造位置及剖面、井位分布图^{[7, 13]}

Figure 1. Map of tectonic location, and distribution of sections and wells in the study area^{[7, 13]}

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图 2 研究区岩溶古地貌及古水系图

Figure 2. Map of karst paleogeomorphology and paleowater system in the study area

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图 3 研究区茅口组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征

(a) 眼皮眼球状灰岩，茅一段，三堆镇剖面 (b) 生屑泥晶灰岩，茅二段，王家沟剖面 (c) 硅质岩，孤峰段，王家沟剖面 (d) 含砂屑生屑灰岩，茅二段，G井 (e) 生屑灰岩，茅三段，B井 (f) 生屑泥晶灰岩，茅三段，C井

Figure 3. Petrological characteristics of carbonate rocks of the Maokou Formation in the study area

(a) Eyelid-eyeball shaped limestone, Mao Member 1, Section Sanduizhen (b) Biogenic mitrite, Mao Member 2, Section Wangjiagou (c) Siliceous rock, Gufeng Member, Section Wangjiagou (d) Sandstone containing bioclastic limestone, Mao Member2,Well G (e) Bioclastic limestone, Mao Member 3,Well B (f) Bioclastic mitrite, Mao Member 3, Well C

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图 4 研究区茅口组碳酸盐岩储集空间特征

(a) 溶孔发育，泥晶灰岩，茅一段，马鹿乡剖面 (b) 方解石粒内溶孔，泥晶生屑灰岩，茅三段，C井 (c) 溶洞，方解石、沥青充填，泥晶灰岩，茅二段，唐家沟剖面 (d) 溶洞，方解石充填，茅三段，D井 (e) 构造缝，方解石充填，泥质灰岩，茅一段，唐家沟剖面 (f) 溶蚀缝，亮晶生屑灰岩，茅三段，D井

Figure 4. Characteristics of reservoir space of carbonate rocks in the Maokou Formation in the study area

(a) Developed dissolved pores, mitrite, Mao Memeber 1, Section Maluxiang (b) Dissolved pores in calcite grains, bioclastic mitrite, Mao Memeber 3, Well C (c) Cave filled with calcite and asphalt, bioclastic mitrite, Mao Memeber 2, Section Tangjiagou (d) Cave filled with calcite, Mao Memeber 3, Well D (e) Structural factures filled with calcite, argillaceous limestone, Mao Memeber 1, Section Tangjiagou (f) Dissolved fractures, sparry bioclastic limestone, Mao Memeber 3, Well D

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图 5 C井岩溶储层发育综合柱状图

Figure 5. Comprehensive bar chart of the karst reservoir in Well C

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图 6 过F-E-C井古地貌条件下岩溶剖面

Figure 6. Karst section under the paleogeomorphological conditions through Wells F–E–C

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图 7 过A-B-C-D井古地貌条件下岩溶剖面

Figure 7. Karst section under the paleogeomorphological conditions through Wells A–B–C–D

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图 8 研究区茅口组古岩溶缝洞充填方解石包裹体均一温度直方图

Figure 8. Uniform temperature histogram of inclusions of calcite in the paleokarst fracture-pore of the Maokou Formation in the study area

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图 9 研究区茅口组古岩溶缝洞充填方解石δ¹³C_PDB—δ¹⁸O_PDB交汇图

Figure 9. Intersection diagram of δ¹³C_PDB–δ¹⁸O_PDB of calcite in the karst fracture-pore of the Maokou Formation in the study area

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表 1 研究区茅口组古岩溶形成环境及同位素特征

Table 1. Paleokarst environment and isotope characteristics of the Maokou Formation in the study area

发育期次	形成环境	同位素特征
发育期次	形成环境	δ¹³C_PDB/‰	δ¹⁸O_PDB/‰
I	同生期或准同生期岩溶环境	−0.26~5.34	−8.00~−3.73
Ⅱ	表生期淡水岩溶环境	−1.91~−0.54	−9.24~−6.97
Ⅲ	浅埋藏期岩溶环境	0.86~5.13	−11.99~−8.03
Ⅳ	深埋藏期高温岩溶环境	2.01~4.52	−16.86~−15.23

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