安徽淮南矿区岩溶塌陷分布特征及成因模式

许光泉; 李浩; 杨婷婷; 张海涛; 贺彪

doi:10.11932/karst20250209

安徽淮南矿区岩溶塌陷分布特征及成因模式

doi: 10.11932/karst20250209

安徽理工大学地球与环境学院, 安徽淮南 232001

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目：淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成机制研究(42172279)；国家自然科学基金面上资助项目：淮南闭坑矿区地下水水质演化机理及预测研究（42272281）

详细信息

作者简介:
许光泉（1967－），男，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事岩溶水文地质教学与科研工作。E-mail：gqxu67@163.com

通讯作者:
李浩（1999－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事水文地质科研工作。E-mail：lihao4171@163.com。

中图分类号: P642.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-23
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-20

Distribution characteristics and genesis model of karst collapse in the Huainan area of Anhui Province

School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China

摘要

摘要: 安徽淮南矿区岩溶塌陷给闭坑矿区生态环境修复和城市建设带来潜在风险，也严重影响城镇居民生活。文章以该区岩溶塌陷为研究对象，采用岩溶野外地质调查、统计分析和多因素分析等方法，系统研究了凤台、孔集、土坝孜、李郢孜和舜耕山一带岩溶塌陷分布特征，剖析了不同类型岩溶塌陷形成过程。结果表明：岩溶塌陷受地层产状、岩性、构造及水动力条件等因素影响，主要沿地层走向、断层带以及煤矿开采地带分布，发育在奥陶系马家沟组、寒武系下统和石炭系等地层；岩溶塌陷是多期构造地质和岩溶地下水流共同作用结果；在碳酸盐岩松散层浅埋覆盖区，通过大气降水垂向入渗、地表径流以及露头区地下水侧向侵蚀，并受地层产状控制及疏干排水等共同影响下，形成了急倾斜地层、缓倾斜地层和倒转地层条件下三种形态的浅埋型岩溶塌陷模式以及因城市建设导致荷载增加所形成的重力荷载致塌模式。
- 寒武系与奥陶系 /
- 岩溶塌陷 /
- 控制因素 /
- 塌陷模式 /
- 淮南地区
Abstract: Karst collapse is one of the geological disasters in shallow karst regions during coal mining in North China. This phenomenon is influenced by factors such as stratum occurrence, lithology composition, geological structures, and hydrodynamic conditions. It is primarily induced by mine drainage, pressure reduction and urban construction in the mining area. Karst collapse is mainly developed in Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate strata. The mining area in Huainan is located in the southern margin of the North China Coalfield. Since the 1950s, more than 131 karst collapses have occurred in the southern coalfield as a result of drainage and depressurization caused by coal mining and urban construction. These collapses exhibit a clustered occurrence pattern, mainly concentrated in areas such as in Fengtai county, Kongji, Tubazi, Liyingzi and Shungengshan. These collapses have severely affected residents’ lives in the mining area and hindered urban development. Therefore, conducting further systematic study on the formation conditions, distribution, and influencing factors of karst collapse in the mining area is of great practical significance. This study is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the karst hydrogeological conditions, the mechanisms of karst collapse disasters, and the effective prevention and control of such phenomena.This study employs methods including karst field geological surveys, statistical analysis and multi-factor analysis to systematically investigate the distribution development characteristics, and genesis of karst collapse in the Huainan area. The results show that karst collapses are mainly formed in the Ordovician and Cambrian strata, which are distributed along the Quaternary overburden area in the piedmont. This phenomenon is the result of multi-stage tectonic processes and prolonged groundwater dissolution. According to the controlling conditions, such as collapse-inducing factors, groundwater dissolution, and stratum occurrence, three types of karst collapse modes induced by vacuum suction erosion have been proposed: (steep inclination, gentle inclination, and inversion). Additionally, a collapse mode resulting from gravity load due to the overburden of urban construction has also been identified. The main results are as follows.(1) Karst collapses in the study area are mainly distributed in the carbonate strata of Cambrian Zhangxia formation and the Ordovician Majiagou formation, spanning Fengtai county, Kongji, Tubazi, Liyingzi and Jiulonggang of Shungengshan to Datong. (2) Karst collapses of steeply inclined strata are distributed in the Datong and Kongji areas of Huainan. Influenced by the Shungengshan thrust-nappe structure and the Shanwangji tensional fault, high-angle strata have developed. Karst formations are concentrated at the intersections of structural fissures and karst fissures that are either perpendicular or oblique to the stratigraphic direction. The water drainage and depressurization from the surrounding coal mining operations results in a decrease in pore water pressure within the rock and soil mass decreases, increasing the hydraulic gradient and disturbing the loose sand and water-soil mass filling in the karst. Such disturbances disrupt the original stress equilibrium, ultimately leading to collapses.(3) Karst collapses of gently inclined strata are mainly distributed in the Tubazi area of Huainan. Influenced by tectonic activities, vertical or oblique fissures have developed along the rock surface, which are filled with Quaternary loose materials. As a result of water drainage from the mining operations, the capacity of groundwater to transport loose rock and soil mass increases, leading to the continuous expansion of soil caves and an imbalance in the surrounding loose rock and soil mass. Specifically, the effective stress of soil particle framework and pore water pressure decrease, resulting in karst collapses under the overburden load.(4) Karst collapses of the inverted strata are mainly distributed in the Liyingzi area. Influenced by the thrust nappe of Shungengshan mountain, the strata are overturned at the turning point of the fault, leading to the development of multiple vertical and oblique tensile fissures along the ground level. These fissures are filled with Quaternary loose materials at their intersections. Due to infiltration from atmospheric precipitation and groundwater, a unified karst groundwater system has formed in the Ordovician and Carboniferous strata. Subsequently, water drainage from mining operations reduces pore water pressure, causing an imbalance in the loose water and soil mass, which ultimately results in collapses.(5) Karst collapses, resulted from gravity load, mainly occur in Fengtai county, which are underlain by Quaternary Cambrian and Ordovician karst strata. Influenced by the Shanwangji normal fault, as well as weathering and denudation processes, karst has been developed in carbonate rock sections. Urban construction increases the overburden load, which alters the pore water pressure and effective stress of the filling in the caves. This alteration disrupts the equilibrium between the rock, soil, and water, leading to karst collapses.The main conclusions of the study are as follows.(1) The study area is influenced by the nappe structure, with karst collapses densely distributed along the stratigraphic direction, fault zones or their intersections. Karst collapses occur from the outcrop area to the shallow-buried area, specifically within the Cambrian Zhangxia formation and the Ordovician Majiagou formation. The distribution pattern of karst collapses is related to the stratigraphic occurrence. The planar shapes of these collapses are mostly circular, elliptical and elongated, and they are primarily filled with loose sandy soil. (2) Karst collapses occur in soluble rock strata, faulted tectonic fractured zones, areas with strong hydrodynamic conditions, and locations with a thin overburden of loose layers. Based on the genesis and triggering factors, karst collapses in the study area can be categorized into three different modes, steeply inclined, gently inclined and inverted, and a mode resulted from gravity load. (3) The future risk of karst collapses in the Huainan area will continue to be concentrated in the areas of Datong–Jiulonggang, Bagongshan, and Fengtai county. These areas remain susceptible to karst collapses and require enhanced monitoring and preventive measures.
- the Cambrian and Ordovician periods /
- karst collapse /
- controlling factors /
- collapse mode /
- the Huainan area

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图 1 淮南地区基岩水文地质图

Figure 1. Hydrogeological map of bedrock in the Huainan area

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图 2 淮南地区典型区段地质剖面图

Figure 2. Geological profile of typical section in the Huainan area

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图 3 岩溶塌陷群分布与地层走向关系

Figure 3. Relationship between distribution of karst collapse group and stratum trend

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图 4 岩溶塌陷分布与断层走向关系

Figure 4. Relationship between karst collapse distribution and fault direction

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图 5 岩溶塌陷坑分布与断层关系

Figure 5. Relationship between distribution of karst collapse pit and fault

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图 6 调查点节理走向玫瑰花图、等密度图及裂隙角度占比图

Figure 6. Rose diagram, isopycnic diagram and ratio diagram of fissure angle of joint direction at the survey site

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图 7 不同地层倾角岩溶塌陷模式图

Figure 7. Karst collapse modes under the different inclination angles

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表 1 淮南地区岩溶塌陷调查统计表

Table 1. Statistics of investigations into karst collapses in the Huainan area

塌陷群名称	地点	数量/个	地层	几何形状	几何尺寸/m			发育深度/m
塌陷群名称	地点	数量/个	地层	几何形状	长/m	宽/m	半径/m	发育深度/m
凤台县城塌陷群	凤台县城	4	马家沟组	近椭圆形或圆形	/	/	0~6.5	0~5.5
孔集塌陷群	孔集	6	石炭系	长条形	/	/	14.0~16.0	0.5~3.9
土坝孜塌陷群	八公山肥皂厂	30	马家沟组	圆形、椭圆形和长条形	3~95	3~15	10.0	3.0~7.5
土坝孜塌陷群	大瓜地	30	马家沟组	串珠状、圆形	5~20	3~9	3.0~10.0	1.0~12.0
李郢孜塌陷群	春申君陵园	3	马家沟组	圆形、椭圆形和长条形	8~10	2~5	1.5	0~1.6
舜耕山塌陷群	骑山集梨园	66	张夏组	不规则椭圆形	0~60	0~40	/	0~6.0
	大通水泥厂	66	马家沟组	圆形或其他形状	0~20	0~10	1.5	0~10.0
	五层山—洞山	13	毛庄组	椭圆形	中等
			张夏组	圆柱形	大
			崮山组	圆柱形	大
			马家沟组	长条形	较大
	沈家岗	9	马家沟组	圆形	/	/	1.5~13.0	1.0~2.0

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