西南某城区地下水“三氮”空间分布及风险管控研究

黄艳采; 金波; 曾牡丹; 向刚

doi:10.11932/karst20250206

西南某城区地下水“三氮”空间分布及风险管控研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20250206

黄艳采^1,,
金波^2, ,,
曾牡丹¹,
向刚¹

1.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局一〇四地质大队, 贵州都匀 558000
2.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局一一五地质大队, 贵州清镇 551400

基金项目: 贵州省地矿局局管地质科学研究项目（黔地矿科合[2020] 5号）

详细信息

作者简介:
黄艳采（1992－），女，硕士研究生，主要从事水文地质、环境地质工作。E-mail：Huangyc2020@sina.com

通讯作者:
金波（1971－），男，高级工程师，主要从事岩土工程、矿山环境恢复与治理等工作。E-mail：530190124@qq.com。

中图分类号: X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-10-01
- 录用日期: 2025-02-14
- 修回日期: 2025-01-17
- 刊出日期: 2025-04-20

Research on the spatial distribution and risk control of "three forms of nitrogen" in groundwater in an urban area of southwest China

1.
No.104 Geological Brigade, Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Duyun,Guizhou 558000, China
2.
No.115 Geological Brigade, Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Qingzhen,Guizhou 551400, China

摘要

摘要: 地下水的利用日益增加，水中“三氮”污染问题一直备受关注。研究以西南某城区为例，通过水文地质调查和水样检测，采用反距离权重法（IDW）对地下水中“三氮”进行插值分析，结合地下水流场模型，分析“三氮”的空间分布，并通过叠加分析，划定风险管控区域。结果表明，研究区“三氮”空间分布具有差异性，城区钻孔及污水处理厂对NH$_4^{+}$-N浓度影响更大，而农业及居民集中区对${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N的影响更显著，NO$_2^{-}$-N整体情况较好，无明显污染；“三氮”含量亦有较大差异，${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N最高浓度为96.00 mg·L⁻¹，远大于NH$_4^{+}$-N（8.00 mg·L⁻¹）和NO$_2^{-}$-N（0.500 mg·L⁻¹），这与岩溶区特征相关。以Ⅲ类水指标为管控界线，将研究区划分为重点管控区（Ⅳ~Ⅴ类）、次重点管控区（Ⅲ类）及一般区（Ⅰ~Ⅱ类），其中重点管控区目标为控制污水的排放和渗漏以及农业活动中氮的流失，次重点管控区重点在预防进一步污染及优化指标，一般区维持现状。
- 城区 /
- 地下水 /
- 三氮 /
- 空间分布 /
- 风险管控
Abstract: Since the implementation of drought-resistant water exploration and well-drilling work, the utilization of groundwater in the karst areas of Southwest China has been increasing. While groundwater has generated much attention, the problems of groundwater pollution have also come to light, particularly concerning the "three forms of nitrogen" pollution in water. The sources of nitrogen pollution are complex, and its pathways are varied. Under the special hydrogeological conditions of karst areas, surface pollutants are more likely to infiltrate into the ground. Given the concealment and mobility of groundwater, pollutants continuously migrate with the groundwater flow. Once contaminated, the difficulty of restoration and remediation is extremely high. Taking an urban area in Southwest China as an example, this study conducted hydrogeological surveys and water sample testing. Based on data such as springs, boreholes, and water quality, this study utilized the method of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to interpolate and analyze the "three forms of nitrogen" in groundwater. Combined with the field model of groundwater flow, the spatial distribution of "three forms of nitrogen" was analyzed. Furthermore, the areas for risk control were delineated through overlay analysis. The results show that there were differences in the spatial distribution of "three forms of nitrogen" in the study area. Urban boreholes and sewage treatment plants had a greater impact on NH$_4^{+}$-N concentration, while agricultural and residential areas significantly influenced ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N levels. The overall situation regarding NO$_2^{-}$-N was favorable, with no significant pollution detected. Additionally, there were notable differences in the concentrations of the "three forms of nitrogen", with the highest concentration of ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N reaching 96.00 mg·L⁻¹, which was much higher than the concentrations of NH$_4^{+}$-N (8.00 mg·L⁻¹) and NO$_2^{-}$-N (0.500 mg·L⁻¹). This variation is attributed to the characteristics of karst areas. Under conditions of adequate oxygen content, NH$_4^{+}$-N and NO$_2^{-}$-N were converted into ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N. With the use of the Class III water index specified in the Standard for Groundwater Quality (GB/T 14848-2017) as the control boundary, the study area is divided into three zones through ArcGIS overlay analysis, key control area (Class IV-V), secondary control area (Class III), and general area (Class I-II). In key control areas, the focus is on controlling sewage discharge and leakage, as well as nitrogen loss from agricultural activities. Specific measures include strengthening control of pollution emission in densely populated residential areas, ensuring the impermeability of residential water wells, sewage pipelines, and wastewater treatment plants. In agricultural-intensive areas, the implementation of scientific fertilization and rational allocation of fertilizers should be prioritized to prevent the migration of "three forms of nitrogen" at the source. In secondary control areas, the emphasis is on preventing further pollution and optimizing water quality indicators. Specific measures include optimizing the sewage systems in residential areas, further controlling pollution emissions, enhancing regional soil and water conservation capacities, and improving vegetation absorption efficiency. Additionally, measures such as crop rotation, optimizing crop irrigation methods, ecological breeding, and reducing random sewage discharge should be implemented to comprehensively improve the regional ecological space. In general areas, the focus is on maintaining the current status and preventing pollution.
- urban area /
- groundwater /
- three forms of nitrogen /
- spatial distribution /
- risk control

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图 1 研究区调查及水样采样点布设

Figure 1. Survey of the study area and layout of water sampling points

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图 2 研究区水文地质调查

Figure 2. Hydrogeological survey of the study area

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图 3 研究区地下水流场

Figure 3. Groundwater flow field in the study area

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图 4 NH$_4^{+}$-N、NO$_2^{-}$-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N空间分布图

Figure 4. Spatial distribution of NH$_4^{+}$-N, NO$_2^{-}$-N and ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N

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图 5 风险管控区划分图

Figure 5. Zoning of risk control areas

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表 1 《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）中NH$_4^{+}$-N、NO$_2^{-}$-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N分类指标

Table 1. Classification indicators for NH$_4^{+}$-N、NO$_2^{-}$-N and ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N in the Standard for Groundwater Quality (GB/T 14848-2017)

序号	指标/mg·L⁻¹	Ⅰ类	Ⅱ类	Ⅲ类	Ⅳ类	Ⅴ类
1	NH$_4^{+}$-N	≤0.02	≤0.10	≤0.50	≤1.50	>1.50
2	NO$_2^{-}$-N	≤0.01	≤0.10	≤1.00	≤4.80	>4.80
3	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N	≤2.0	≤5.0	≤20.0	≤30.0	>30.0
注：Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类适用于各种用途；Ⅲ类主要适用于集中式生活饮用水水源及工农业用水；Ⅳ类适用于农业和部分工业用水，适当处理后可作生活饮用水；Ⅴ类不宜作为生活饮用水水源，其他用水可根据使用目的选用。

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表 2 NH$_4^{+}$-N、NO$_2^{-}$-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N指标检测统计表

Table 2. Statistics of indicator testing for NH$_4^{+}$-N、NO$_2^{-}$-N and ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N

编号	NH$_4^{+}$-N_ /mg·L⁻¹	NO$_2^{-}$-N /mg·L⁻¹	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N /mg·L⁻¹	取样点类型	取样高程 /m	编号	NH$_4^{+}$-N_ /mg·L⁻¹	NO$_2^{-}$-N /mg·L⁻¹	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$-N /mg·L⁻¹	取样点类型	取样高程 /m
1	0	0.300	22.00	上升泉	900.0	23	0	0.002	18.00	机井	951.1
2	0.05	0.160	15.00	机井	891.0	24	0.04	0.016	28.00	机井	877.5
3	0	0.300	8.00	机井	867.7	25	0.02	0.012	7.24	下降泉	1054.0
4	0	0.040	25.00	机井	870.0	26	0	0.018	22.00	机井	942.2
5	0.02	0.002	7.03	下降泉	795.8	27	0.04	0.008	46.00	机井	906.0
6	0.02	0.036	15.28	下降泉	664.7	28	0	0.014	8.00	下降泉	910.0
7	0.02	0.070	40.00	机井	845.0	29	0	0	22.00	机井	919.0
8	8.00	0.002	1.18	地下河出露	650.0	30	0	0.010	8.00	下降泉	900.7
9	8.00	0.004	20.00	机井	875.7	31	0.52	0.030	11.51	下降泉	1015.0
10	0	0.004	24.00	机井	818.5	32	0.04	0.004	30.00	机井	891.2
11	0.04	0.056	44.00	机井	763.1	33	0	0.002	4.00	下降泉	857.4
12	0	0.002	8.00	下降泉	654.4	34	0.02	0.008	3.73	下降泉	868.0
13	0.08	0.008	0	机井	794.7	35	0	0	96.00	机井	874.3
14	0	0.200	22.00	机井	762.0	36	0	0	10.00	下降泉	888.0
15	0	0.500	25.00	机井	849.0	37	0.02	0.006	10.15	下降泉	818.0
16	0	0.002	16.00	下降泉	799.0	38	0	0	5.00	机井	848.0
17	0	0.006	5.00	机井	850.0	39	0.02	0.002	22.45	地下河出口	756.6
18	0.08	0.002	2.23	机井	847.0	40	0	0.002	6.00	地下河出口	875.0
19	0	0.200	10.00	机井	851.8	41	0	0.024	4.00	下降泉	1152.0
20	0.04	0.002	28.00	机井	863.5	42	0.02	0.002	9.01	下降泉	1075.0
21	0	0.008	16.00	机井	895.7	43	0.02	0.008	5.90	下降泉	949.0
22	0	0.160	0.16	机井	919.2

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