Analysis of hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of groundwater in the covered karst area of northern Guangzhou
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摘要: 为研究广州北部隐伏岩溶区地下水水化学特征及形成演化，利用14组岩溶水样品和14件岩石化学组分测试分析数据，综合采用数理统计、Piper图、Gibbs模型、离子比值图、氯碱指数等方法定性分析地下水水化学组分特征和成因，基于PHREEQC软件定量分析水文地球化学过程，探讨地下水矿物饱和指数与岩溶发育关系。结果表明：广州北部隐伏岩溶区岩溶水是以中性水为主的极软~微硬淡水，TDS和总硬度低，pH基本稳定，离子质量浓度趋势为Ca2+>K++Na+>Mg2+和${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$>Cl−>${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$，水化学类型主要为HCO3型，以${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$、Ca2+为优势离子；岩溶水水化学组分受岩石风化作用控制条件下的溶滤作用影响，阳离子交换吸附作用不强烈，K+、Na+、Cl−来源于岩盐溶滤，Ca2+、Mg2+、${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$来源于碳酸盐岩矿物溶解，${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$来源于碳酸盐岩和石膏等蒸发岩盐溶解；反向水文地球化学模拟定量化验证了岩溶水中方解石、白云石、石膏、岩盐发生溶解；方解石、白云石饱和指数与岩溶发育具有较好对应关系，可以指示岩溶发育趋势。研究结果可为广州隐伏岩溶区地下水开发利用和地质环境保护提供科学依据。Abstract:
Guangzhou is clearly positioned as the core engine of the Guangdong−Hong Kong−Macao Greater Bay Area and shoulders the responsibility of leading the high-quality development of the Greater Bay Area. The northern Guangzhou serves as a demonstration area for urban-rural integration, featuring a distinctive ecological agriculture industry and a functional area for rural tourism. However, the covered karst in this area is highly developed. Consequently, the environmental problems, such as karst ground collapse and the deterioration of groundwater quality, have limited to some extent the local construction and development. In order to study the hydrochemical characteristics and formation of groundwater in the covered karst area of northern Guangzhou. We utilized fourteen groups of karst water samples and fourteen groups of rock chemical composition test data collected during the dry season from 2017 to 2018. We conducted a qualitative analysis of the hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of groundwater using mathematical statistics, Piper diagrams, the Gibbs model, ion ratio diagrams, the and chlor-alkali index. Additionally, using the hydrogeochemical reaction simulation software PHREEQC, we performed a quantitative analysis of the hydrogeochemical processes, with a particular emphasis on the dissolution−precipitation equilibrium of minerals in groundwater. The results show, (1) The karst water in the covered karst area of northern Guangzhou is characterized as extremely soft to slightly hard, neutral, and fresh. The total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness of the karst water are low, and the pH remains relatively stable. The dominant anion and cation are ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ and Ca2+, respectively. The trend of ion concentrations is Ca2+>K++Na+>Mg2+ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ >Cl−>${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ , respectively. The hydrochemical types of karst water are primarily of the HCO3 type. (2) The ρ(K++Na+)/ρ(K++Na++Ca2+) of karst water ranges from 0.1 to 0.6, and the ρ(Cl−)/ρ (Cl−+${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ) ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. The chlor-alkali indices (CAI1 and CAI2) mainly fall within the ranges of -2 to 1 and -0.25 to 0.25, respectively, indicating weak cation exchange adsorption. In 78.57% of the water samples, the ratio of γ(K++ Na+) to γ(Cl−) ions is at or above the 1∶1 line, indicating that K+, Na+ and Cl− primarily originate from the dissolution of rock salt. The ratios of γ(Ca2++Mg2+) to γ(${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ + ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ) ions are concentrated near or above the 1∶1 line. Furthermore, 85.71% of the water samples display ratios of γ(Ca2+) to γ(${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$) ions that are either near the 1∶1 line or between the 1∶1 line and 2∶1 line. Additionally, 85.71% of the water samples exhibit ratios of γ(Ca2+) to γ(Mg2+) ions above the 1∶1 line. These findings suggest that Ca2+, Mg2+ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ions are derived from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, while ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ions originate from the dissolution of carbonate rocks and evaporitic salts, such as gypsum. (3) The lithology of covered karst is dominated by limestone, followed by dolomite limestone. The ratio of CaO to MgO in the rock chemical composition of limestone (19.36−119.73) is much larger than that of dolomitic limestone (1.43−4.71), and the dissolution ability of limestone is obviously stronger than that of dolomitic limestone. (4) PHREEQC software has been used to establish a reverse hydrogeochemical model in the rock sampling points from SY20 to SY19 in the Caopu area of Lyutian Town . The simulation results quantitatively confirmed the dissolution of calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and rock salt in karst water, with respective dissolution amounts of 2.599×10−4 mol·L−1, 8.474×10−5 mol·L−1, 4.165×10−6 mol·L−1, and 3.446×10−5 mol·L−1. (5) The saturation indices of calcite and dolomite in karst water show a good correspondence with karst development. Among the water sampling points where calcite is in a good dissolved state, 85.71% of the points exhibit karst development. In contrast, among the water sampling points where dolomite is in a dissolved state, 66.67% of the points exhibit karst development. The saturation indices of calcite and dolomite in groundwater indicate the trend of karst development and can serve as criteria for fine evaluation of karst development. This study reveals the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater, as well as its formation and evolution in the covered karst area of northern Guangzhou. It also explores the relationship between groundwater mineral saturation indices and karst development. The research findings can provide a scientific basis for the exploitation and utilization of groundwater and for the protection of geological environment in the covered karst area of Guangzhou, which holds significant practical implications. -
图 5 地下水氯碱指数与TDS关系图
Figure 5. Relationship between groundwater chlor-alkali index and TDS
图 6 反向水文地球化学模拟地区水文地质剖面
Figure 6. Hydrogeological profile of reverse hydrogeochemical simulation area
表 1 地下水水化学组分统计表
Table 1. Statistics of groundwater hydrochemical composition
统计项目 组分质量浓度/mg·L−1 TDS/mg·L−1 总硬度/mg·L−1 pH K++Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− SO$_4^{2-} $ HCO$_3^- $ 最大值 19.27 54.11 24.81 24.74 12.40 203.38 249.02 181.00 7.95 最小值 1.47 2.56 0.52 2.30 0.57 8.80 28.30 12.80 6.65 平均值 7.80 25.80 4.72 6.03 4.43 100.40 119.40 83.84 7.29 变异系数 0.77 0.74 1.35 0.96 1.03 0.76 0.63 0.74 0.05 
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表 2 可能的矿物相及化学反应方程
Table 2. Possible mineral phases and chemical reaction equations
可能矿物相 化学反应方程 方解石 CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$+OH− 白云石 CaMg(CO3)2+2H2O=Ca2++Mg2++2${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$+2OH− 石膏 CaSO4·2H2O=Ca2++${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$+2H2O 岩盐 NaCl=Na++Cl− CO2 CO2+H2O=H2CO3
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表 3 水岩相互作用下矿物相转移量
Table 3. Mineral transfer amount during water-rock interaction
路径 可能的矿物相/mol·L−1 方解石 白云石 石膏 岩盐 SY20→SY19 2.599×10−4 8.474×10−5 4.165×10−6 3.446×10−5 注：正数表示矿物发生溶解作用，负数表示矿物发生沉淀作用；阳离子交换中，正值表示Ca2+降低以及溶液中Na+的升高；负值表示Ca2+升高以及溶液中Na+的降低．“—”表示该矿物相未参加反应或未模拟出。
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