黔北大塘向斜区地下水系统划分及系统特征

侯江勇; 向钊; 胡屿

doi:10.11932/karst20250103

黔北大塘向斜区地下水系统划分及系统特征

doi: 10.11932/karst20250103

1.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局117地质大队, 贵州贵阳 550018
2.
贵州省地质环境监测院, 贵州贵阳 550081

详细信息

作者简介:
侯江勇（1982－），男，高级工程师，主要从事矿区水工环、地下水及地热资源勘查等工作。E-mail：530621949@qq.com

中图分类号: P641
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-12
- 录用日期: 2024-02-18
- 修回日期: 2024-01-13
- 刊出日期: 2025-02-25

Classification of groundwater systems and system characteristics in the Datang synclinal area of north Guizhou

1.
No.117 Geological Brigade of Guizhou Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, China
2.
Guizhou Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China

摘要

摘要: 黔北大塘向斜区含水系统尚未开展地下水系统划分的相关工作，区内分布多个铝土矿区，铝土矿为顶板直接充水的岩溶充水矿床，岩溶水文地质条件极其复杂，给区域内铝土矿水文地质特征的客观评价带来了一定难度。文章通过对黔北大塘向斜区地下水系统研究，收集并整理了历史水文地质资料，结合水文地质调查，系统地分析了研究区和地下水系统边界及水文地质和动态特征。结果表明：（1）研究区具有相对独立的地下水系统，具有较完整的补径排条件，主要为地下河系统和分散排泄系统；（2）将研究区划分为2个地下水系统，即大塘向斜地下河系统和洛龙背斜分散排泄系统。研究成果为区域铝土矿开发的水文地质风险评估及地下水资源管理提供了科学依据。
- 地下水系统 /
- 边界特征 /
- 动态变化 /
- 大塘向斜 /
- 黔北
Abstract: In recent years, researchers have conducted various studies on the classification of groundwater systems and have summarized different methods of this classification. Investigations into groundwater system division and system characteristics have been carried out in several areas of karst mountainous areas in Southwest China. Notably, Guizhou Province has extensively conducted 1:50000 hydrogeological surveys; however, there has been no research focused on the classification of groundwater systems within the water-bearing system of the Datang Syncline Area in North Guizhou. This area is characterized by multiple bauxite exploration rights, and bauxite is known to be a karst water-filled deposit that is directly replenished by roof water. The karst hydrogeological conditions are extremely complex, which poses certain difficulties for the objective evaluation of the hydrogeological characteristics of bauxite in this area. This study provides an objective evaluation of the regional hydrogeological characteristics by examining the groundwater system in the Datang Syncline Area of North Guizhou. It mainly uses hydrogeological survey data collected from the study area, supplemented by on-site hydrogeological surveys, results of water quality analysis, and long-term observations of groundwater dynamics. This comprehensive analysis aims to delineate the boundaries and characteristics of the groundwater system in the area.The research findings indicate that the Datang Syncline Area in North Guizhou has a relatively independent groundwater system characterized by relatively complete recharge, runoff, and discharge conditions. This system mainly consists of underground river systems and dispersed discharge systems. The study area is divided into two groundwater systems, namely, the Datang synclinal underground river system and the Luolong anticline dispersed discharge system. The characteristics of each system are described. The water-bearing medium of the Datang synclinal underground river system consists of fissure–cave and cave–pipeline formations. The groundwater depth typically ranges from 50 m to 250 m. Except for the watershed in the southwest, the remaining boundaries are delineated by the aquitard of the Hanjiadian Group within the Zhiliu System. There are 392 surface karst features in the system, including sinkholes, inlets and outlets of underground rivers, and karst funnels. The system is mainly composed of underground river pipelines, with a total of seven main underground rivers. Among these, two larger underground rivers, S17 and S22, are located north of the Luolong River and are considered the main underground rivers in the system. The underground rivers S18, S19, S20, K1, and K2 are developed south of the Luolong River. The Datang synclinal underground river system characterized by a centralized injection supply, concentrated runoff through karst pipelines, and centralized discharge from underground river outlets. In the area north of the Luolong River, groundwater typically flows from north to south, whereas in the southern area, groundwater flows from southwest to northeast. The aquifer medium of dispersed drainage system of the Luolong Anticline is mainly composed of joint fissures. The boundary of the system is delineated as follows: the surface watershed to the northwest, the aquitard of Silurian Hanjiadian Group to the south and east, and the surface watershed to the west. This system is characterized by surface infiltration recharge, joint fissure runoff, and dispersed discharge through springs. The overall direction of groundwater runoff is from north to south. The dynamic changes in water flow are consistent with rainfall variations, and the dynamic changes of groundwater are relatively stable. The chemical type of groundwater is HCO$_3^{-}$- Ca²⁺. Compared with the dry season, the content of Ca²⁺ in surface water during the wet season decreases, primarily due to dilution by rainstorm. The increase of HCO$_3^{-}$- is relatively small, mainly because atmospheric precipitation during the rainstorm absorbs high concentration of CO₂ from soil and fallen leaves during the surface runoff process, which subsequently leads to chemical reactions. The research findings provide a basis for objectively evaluating the hydrogeological characteristics of bauxite and the regional groundwater resources in the study area.
- groundwater system /
- boundary features /
- dynamic changes /
- Datang syncline /
- North Guizhou

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图 1 水文地质略图（据文献[20]修改）

1-碳酸盐岩岩溶含水岩组 2-碎屑岩裂隙含水岩组 3-下降泉 4-地下河入口 5-地下河出口 6-地下河天窗 7-岩溶洼地 8-岩溶漏斗 9-落水洞 10-出水溶洞 11-岩溶竖井 12-地下水流向 13-河流溪沟及流向 14-正断层 15-逆断层 16-向斜轴线 17-背斜轴线 18-地层产状 19-地下河管道 20-地下水系统边界

Figure 1. Hydrogeological sketch (modified according to reference [20])

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图 2 S17地下河纵剖面示意图

1-碳酸盐岩岩溶含水岩组 2-碎屑岩裂隙含水岩组 3-地下河及走向

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of longitudinal section of underground river S17

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图 3 典型地下水排泄点流量动态变化与降雨量关系图

Figure 3. Relationship between dynamic changes in flow at typical discharge points and rainfall

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图 4 研究区地下水Piper图

Figure 4. Piper diagram of groundwater in the study area

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图 5 研究区地表水Piper图

Figure 5. Piper diagram of surface water in the study area

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表 1 典型地下水排泄点动态变化统计表

Table 1. Statistics of dynamic changes in typical groundwater discharge points

排泄点编号		S17	S13	S21	S6	S4	S9
丰水期平均流量/L∙s⁻¹		1350	69.83	66.16	155	53.82	248.81
枯水期平均流量/L∙s⁻¹		190	12.36	33.43	45	12.29	32.89
丰枯变幅系数/L∙s⁻¹		7.11	5.65	1.98	3.44	4.38	7.57
观测期	最大流量/L∙s⁻¹	3710	649.83	315.15	2440	446.57	1834.8
	最小流量/L∙s⁻¹	103	5.7	18.19	20	7.36	27.56
	平均流量/L∙s⁻¹	1150	54.90	54.93	121	40.53	177.82
极平变幅系数（倍）		3.23	11.84	5.74	20.17	11.02	10.32
极值变幅系数（倍）		36.02	114	17.33	122	60.68	66.57

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表 2 水样中主要离子浓度统计表（单位：mg∙L⁻¹）

Table 2. Statistics of main ion concentrations in water samples (unit: mg∙L⁻¹)

取样地点		K⁺	Na⁻	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}$
S6		0.74	2.02	27.78	2.26	3.97	17.17	84.37	0.00
S9		0.68	0.44	25.54	2.98	1.78	7.16	73.99	0.00
S13		0.4	0.44	43.22	3.40	1.08	11.61	126.25	0.00
S17		0.63	3.85	90.38	2.98	3.59	2.68	273.54	0.00
S21		0.33	1.67	65.76	3.67	6.61	14.00	182.32	0.00
东流河	丰水期	0.49	0.37	36.94	3.46	1.74	8.34	111.78	0.00
东流河	枯水期	0.33	0.44	38.30	2.00	2.07	11.00	117.63	0.00
洛龙河	丰水期	0.7	5.68	34.81	1.70	1.39	20.04	110.06	0.00
洛龙河	枯水期	0.76	1.83	47.93	2.24	3.50	18.03	131.05	0.00

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