基于氚同位素的济南泉域地下水更新能力研究

孟庆晗; 邢立亭; 彭凯; 朱文峰; 刘连; 何强; 徐冰; 潘潍艳; 宋其峰

doi:10.11932/karst20250102

基于氚同位素的济南泉域地下水更新能力研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20250102

孟庆晗^1,,
邢立亭^2, ,,
彭凯¹,
朱文峰¹,
刘连¹,
何强¹,
徐冰¹,
潘潍艳²,
宋其峰³

1.
山东省第一地质矿产勘查院, 山东济南 250100
2.
济南大学水利与环境学院, 山东济南 250002
3.
昌乐县规划编制研究中心, 山东潍坊 262400

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42272288，42307083）；山东省第一地质矿产勘查院青年科技创新基金（QN202203）

详细信息

作者简介:
孟庆晗（1996－），男，助理工程师，硕士研究生，研究方向为地下水科学与工程。E-mail：1050305636@qq.com

通讯作者:
邢立亭（1966－），男，教授，博士研究生导师，研究方向为地下水动态演化。E-mail：xlting596@163.com。

中图分类号: P641
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-30
- 刊出日期: 2025-02-25

Research on groundwater renewal capacity in Jinan spring area based on tritium isotopes

1.
No.1 Geological Team of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Jinan , Shandong 250100, China
2.
School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250002, China
3.
Changle County Planning and Compilation Research Center, Weifang, Shandong 262400, China

摘要

摘要: 为探究济南岩溶泉域地下水更新能力，基于泉域水文地质条件建立氚同位素衰减模型，分析泉水及不同层位地下水年龄，以此精确阐明地下水及泉水年龄和循环特征。结果表明：（1）径流排泄区寒武系地下水年龄在22~85 a，奥陶系地下水年龄在3~22 a，地下水更新能力随深度递减，深层含水层循环能力较弱，在地下水开发和利用的过程中尤其应注意对深层地下水的保护；（2）根据泉水优化模型测得现泉水年龄为15 a，且近30 a泉水年龄逐渐减小，泉水贡献重心逐渐向浅部补给源转变，这既反映现阶段人工补源措施取得一定成效，又表明深层含水层破坏后恢复缓慢，导致枯水期泉水位仍逼近警戒水位。
- 岩溶泉域 /
- 氚浓度 /
- 衰减模型 /
- 地下水年龄 /
- 循环特征
Abstract: The study area is located in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China, and belongs to the inland mid-latitude zone with a temperate monsoon climate. The average annual rainfall is 672 mm, and atmospheric precipitation is the main source of spring water recharge. The overall terrain of Jinan spring area is higher in the south and lower in the north, with the stratum of Archaean Taishan Group as the foundation, covered by the Cambrian and Ordovician strata. The strata incline to the north, forming a monoclinic structure. The karst development is weak. The water bearing medium is dominated by pores and fissures, supplemented by large fissures and pipelines. Groundwater tends to migrate northward along the strata and forms a karst spring group when encountering intrusion rocks from the Yanshan Period in the north. Under natural conditions, spring water is the main discharge form of karst water systems. Due to the intensification of human activities in recent years, the water levels of springs have decreased, and some springs have even cease to flow. In order to explore the groundwater renewal capacity of the Jinan karst spring area and to propose effective recommendations for spring water protection, this paper established a tritium isotope attenuation model for the study area. Previous experiments on mercury intrusion and karst aquifer seepage simulation in the study area have shown that the pore structure of the aquifer in the spring area and the hydraulic characteristics of different aquifer layers exhibit distinct spatial zoning. Moreover, drilling and hydraulic tests conducted in the direct and indirect recharge areas of the spring area have demonstrated that some areas are highly developed with karst fissures. These areas mainly consist of karst fissures and large fissures, which create advantageous seepage channels. Therefore, groundwater can be divided into karst water from karst fissures and large fissures and water from karst fissures and pores based on the characteristics of the medium in which groundwater is located. The piston flow model (PFM) is applicable to groundwater where the aquifer medium is predominantly composed of karst fissures and large fissures. In contrast, the entirely mixed flow model (EM) is suitable for groundwater where the aquifer medium is primarily characterized by a combination of fissures and pores. Since these two models cannot simultaneously account for the hydrogeological characteristics of the study area, this study proposes a new piston flow-entirely mixed flow model (PFM-EM) to facilitate a more accurate analysis of spring water renewal time. The model results show as follows: (1) The age of groundwater in the Cambrian Period ranges from 22 to 85 years, while the age of groundwater in the Ordovician Period ranges from 3 to 22 years. Additionally, and the annual water age of Baotu Spring is 15 years. When combined with previous EM model data, it is evident that the age of spring water gradually decreased during the abundant water period from 1989 to 2022. The decrease in the age of spring water indicates a gradual shift in the supply of spring water towards shallower strata. More importantly, it reflects an increased sensitivity in the response time of spring water to external influences. As urban built-up areas continue to expand, the hardening of urban surfaces has resulted in a reduction in the infiltration area of precipitation. To maintain a continuous flow of spring water, it is essential to limit the extraction of Ordovician karst water while simultaneously replenishing groundwater sources. (2) The age of groundwater increases with the depth of the aquifer, indicating that spring water is supplied by different water-bearing rock formations of the Cambrian and Ordovician strata. Given that the groundwater renewal capacity of the Cambrian strata is relatively limited and they exist within an open system, atmospheric precipitation and human activities directly or indirectly affect the deep aquifers. Therefore, it is also advisable to avoid intensive exploitation of the Cambrian aquifers to prevent a reduction in the proportion of deep Cambrian groundwater contributing to spring water replenishment. While the existing replenishment effects have yielded some positive results, it remains essential to continue replenishing groundwater. Furthermore, the regular monitoring of water sources should be conducted in the spring replenishment area to prevent contamination of groundwater and spring water by surface sewage.
- karst spring area /
- tritium concentration /
- attenuation model /
- age of groundwater /
- cycle feature

HTML

图 1 研究区水文地质图

Figure 1. Hydrogeological map of the study area

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图 2 研究区大气降水及其氚浓度历时曲线图

Figure 2. Duration curves of atmospheric precipitation and tritium concentrations in the study area

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图 3 济南泉域1952-2022年大气降水氚浓度系列恢复结果图

Figure 3. Series recovery results of tritium concentrations in atmospheric precipitation in Jinan spring area from 1952 to 2022

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图 4 济南泉域PFM模型氚浓度输出曲线

Figure 4. Curves of tritium output curve derived from PFM model in Jinan spring area

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图 5 济南泉域EM模型氚浓度输出曲线

Figure 5. Curves of tritium concentration output derived from EM model in Jinan spring area

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图 6 PFM-EM流模型氚浓度图

Figure 6. Tritium concentration diagram diagram derived from PFM-EM flow model

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表 1 研究区不同介质岩溶水对泉水补给比例^[23]

Table 1. Proportions of karst water in different media to spring water supply in the study area^[23]

年份（水文年）	大裂隙—裂隙岩溶水补给比例/%	岩溶裂隙—孔隙水补给比例/%
2015（平）	46.15	53.85
2016（丰）	56.58	43.42
2017（枯）	68.67	31.33

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表 2 研究区不同介质岩溶水模型

Table 2. Karst water models in different media of the study area

模型类型	大裂隙—裂隙岩溶水			岩溶裂隙—孔隙水
模型类型	泉水位衰减系数	占比/%	单次降水后持续释水时间	泉水位衰减系数	占比/%	单次降水后持续释水时间
泉流量过程线拟合模型^[25]	0.0036	/	/	0.0009	/	/
水化学模型^[10]	/	24~60	/	/	11~32	/
EC频率分布模型^[26]	/	45~68	/	/	31~54	/
水位相关及频谱模型^[23]	/	/	12~24 d	/	/	1~3个水文年

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表 3 研究区地下水样氚年龄计算结果

Table 3. Calculation results of tritium age of groundwater samples in the study area

取样编号	取样地层	取样深度/m	氚浓度/TU	地下水年龄/a
取样编号	取样地层	取样深度/m	氚浓度/TU	EM模型	PFM模型
Q1	奥陶系	40~50	9.1	8	4
Q2		40~50	8.5	11	3
Q3		100~120	7.7	21	9
Q4			7.5	22	11
Q5			7.3	21	10
S1	寒武系	≥200	7.0	57	28
S2			6.1	82	46
S3			5.9	85	51
S4			6.6	58	22

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表 4 研究区泉水氚年龄计算结果

Table 4. Calculation results of tritium age in spring water in the study area

所用模型	测试时间	泉水年龄/a
EM^[16]	1989	25
EM^[11]	2020	19
EM	2022	19
PFM-EM	2022	15

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