Geological significance, prediction, and application of structural fractures in tight limestone reservoirs of the Taiyuan Formation in Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩分布范围广泛，厚度大，但因岩性致密，单井产量低，长期以来天然气勘探未获得重大突破。随着研究的深入，发现高产气流井储层段往往受构造裂缝发育程度的控制。对于构造缝是否与储集层的优劣、天然气的成藏富集有关，以往缺少系统分析。本次研究首次系统总结了太原组灰岩构造缝特征，通过单轴载荷下岩石核磁共振（NMR）、CT扫描等技术分析了构造裂缝对储层的影响，剖析了缝网系统在成藏过程中的输导作用，根据研究区地质背景构建了改进的高斯曲率法（IGC）预测有利构造缝的发育区，并在横山地区井位部署中应用。结果表明：1）相对低角度缝、斜交缝，高角度张裂缝充填程度低，有效性好，常贯穿、切割、错动其它类型的裂缝使灰岩储集性能变好，同时形成的缝网系统利于烃类的高效运移；2）构造缝对致密灰岩储层物性有极大贡献作用，岩石物理实验表明，在裂缝发育的情况下，平均孔隙度由2.1%增加到4.2%，增加1倍。裂缝对总孔隙度的贡献率在14.3%~72.7%，平均值43.4%，三种储集岩性中，粉晶灰岩孔隙度增加最大、藻粘结灰岩次之，泥晶灰岩最小；3）改进的高斯曲率法（IGC）可预测有利构造缝的发育区，IGC值越大，高角度张性裂缝越发育，天然气富集条件越有利，该方法在横山地区取得了成功应用。上述认识将进一步指导盆地范围内太原组灰岩下一步的大面积勘探开发。Abstract:
In Ordos Basin,the Taiyuan Formation mainly consists of a marine-terrestrial transitional sedimentary system.The northern part featured shallow water delta deposits dominated by terrigenous clastic rocks, while the southern part consists of coastal marine limestone deposits. The Shenmu Gas Field has been discovered in the northern terrigenous clastic rock strata. The southern limestone strata has a wide distribution, covering approximately 14 square kilometers, and exhibits considerable thickness, ranging from 5 to 30 meters.However, the limestone reservoir is dense with an average porosity of 2.1%, an average permeability of 0.21mD, and an average throat radius of 0.12μm. For a long time, exploration had not focused on it due to its dense reservoir lithology.Recent years, further research has indicated that the high-yield gas wells are often related to the development degree of structural fractures.However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of whether the quality of the limestone reservoir and the natural gas enrichment relate to these structural development. To solve the above difficulties, the following steps have been studied and adopted in this study.Considering the tectonic setting,the structural fracture characteristics the of the Taiyuan limestone were firstly analyzed by field profiles, core observations, and well log data.Secondly the impact of structural fractures on the porosity of dense limestone reservoirs was observed by uniaxial loading rock core nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and CT scanning for the first time. Furthermore, the fluid inclusion was investigated to analyze the conducing role of the fracture networks during gas accumulation process.Lastly, based on the work mentioned above,to predict the development of structural fractures and favorable blocks exploration, an improved Gaussian curvature method (IGC) was proposed,according to the specific geological conditions, and it was applied in well deployment in the Hengshan area. The results show that: 1) In the study area, regional tectonic stress field is mainly influenced by the Yanshanian Movement,and the main tectonic framework was mainly established by it with NW-SE compressive stress.Compared with low-angle fractures and oblique fractures, high-angle tension fractures have low filling levels and good effectiveness.it often penetrates, cuts, and dislocates other types of fracture improving the limestone reservoir properties. In addition, the formed fracture network system may facilitate the efficient migration of hydrocarbons; 2) Rock physics experiments had manifested that structural fractures greatly contribute to the physical properties of the tight limestone reservoirs.With the development of fractures, the average porosity doubled from 2.1% to 4.2%. The contribution rate of fractures to total porosity ranged from 14.3%~72.7%, with an average of 43.4%. Among the three reservoir rock types, the porosity of powder crystal limestone increased the most, followed by algae bound limestone, and mud crystal limestone had the smallest increase; Combined with typical well reservoir-forming temperature, burial history, and thermal evolution history in the study area,inclusion analysis made clear that the widely developed fracture networks formed an effective transport system, and hydrocarbons effectively migrated by it during the main reservoir-forming period from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.That is to say, generated from the main coal-bearing source rocks 8# coal and 5# coal located at the top and bottom of the limestone reservoir,the natural gas entered the limestone reservoir by the effective transport system.And supplemented by a cap rock of the marine mudstone on the top of the Taiyuan Formation, a superior "sandwich" type reservoir formed;4) The improved Gaussian curvature method (IGC) can predict the development degree of favorable structural fractures. The higher the IGC value, the more developed the high-angle tension fractures, and the more favorable the conditions for natural gas enrichment. This method was a debut in the Hongshan area to support well deployment. YT1H*,the first risk exploration well, achieved a gas production of 540,000 cubic meters per day, and marked a breakthrough in the exploration of the Taiyuan limestone in the Ordos Basin. In the past 2 years, 9 industrial gas wells have been discovered in this area, 5 of which have output above 100,000 cubic meters per day. Among them, YT4H* achieved an output of 1,088,000 cubic meters per day.The above exploration achievement demonstrated the effectiveness of the research and provided a reference for re reacquainting tight carbonate reservoirs. It is expected that this study can further guide the large-scale exploration and development of the Taiyuan Formation limestone in the Ordos Basin. -
Key words:
- Ordos Basin /
- Taiyuan Formation /
- Dense limestone /
- fractures prediction /
- Exploration Target Selection
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩分布与地层特征
（a）地层特征 （b）灰岩平面分布
Figure 1. Distribution and stratigraphy characteristics of the Taiyuan Formation limestone in Ordos Basin
(a)Stratigraphy characteristics;(b)Thicknes distribution of Taiyuan limestone
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩储层特征
（a）生屑粉晶灰岩，J21井，3408.10 m，太原组；（b）藻粘结灰岩，Q2井，2566.88 m，太原组；（c）生屑泥晶灰岩，M61井，2305.58 m，太原组；（d）生物体腔孔，Z4井，2364.4 m，太原组；（e）晶间孔及溶孔，T58井，3414.16 m，太原组；（f）裂缝有少量方解石充填S2井，2337 m，太原组。
Figure 2. Limestone reservoir characteristics of the Taiyuan Formation in Ordos Basin
(a) Biogenic crystal limestone, J21well, 3408.10 m, the Taiyuan Formation; (b) Algal cemented limestone, Q2 well, 2566.88 m, the Taiyuan Formation; (c) Bioclastic mudstone limestone, M61well,2305.58 m, the Taiyuan Formation; (d) Biological cavity, Z4well,2364.4 m, the Taiyuan Formation; (e) Intergranular and dissolved pores, T58 well, 3414.16 m, the Taiyuan Formation; (f) Fractures with small amount of calcite filling, S2 well,2337 m, the Taiyuan Formation.
图 3 研究区构造位置图与太原组灰岩顶面构造等值线图
（a）构造位置图 （b）构造顶面位置图
Figure 3. Structural location and top structure contour of the Taiyuan Formation in study area
(a) Structural location map in study area; (b)Top structure contour map in study area
图 4 太原组灰岩构造缝发育特征
(a)共轭剪切缝，Q71井，太原组,2860.50 m；(b)共轭剪切缝，成家庄剖面；(c)剪切缝，裂面具阶步擦痕，SH137井，2478.24 m；(d)高角度缝，Q71，太原组，2860.50 m；(e)高角度缝，Q71井，太原组，2853.78 m；(f)网状缝，招贤剖面，2492.12 m；(g)水平缝，骆驼局剖面；(h)高角度缝水平缝相互切割，招贤剖面。
Figure 4. Development characteristics of structural fractures in the Taiyuan limestone
(a) Conjugate shear fractures, Q71 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 2860.50 m; (b) Conjugate shear fractures, Chengjiazhuang section; (c) Shear fractures, step scratches on crack surface, SH137 well, 2478.24 m; (d) High angle fractures, Q71 well, Taiyuan Formation, 2860.50 m; (e) High angle fractures, Q71 well, Taiyuan Formation, 2853.78 m; (f) fracture nets, Zhaoxian profile, 2492.12 m; (g) Horizontal fractures, Luotuoju section; (h) Mutual cutting of high angle fractures and horizontal fractures, Zhaoxian profile.
图 5 研究区太原组灰岩喉道半径分布频率图
Figure 5. Frequency distribution of throat radius of the Taiyuan Formation limestone in study area
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩储层储集空间类型
(a) 晶间孔发育，J21井，太原组，3413.09 m；(b) 相互孤立的生物体腔孔，G21井，太原组，2364.70 m，(c) 微裂联通接生物体腔壁溶孔，J21井，3413.10 m；(d) 溶孔、晶间孔、微裂缝，CT扫描俯视图，G21井，太原组，3404.13 m；(e) 溶孔、晶间孔、微裂缝，CT扫描侧视图，G21井，太原组，3404.13 m； (f) 孔隙空间立体网络，CT扫描透视图，G21井，太原组，3404.13 m。
Figure 6. Reservoir space types of the Taiyuan Formation in Ordos Basin
(a) Interstitial pore development, J21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 3413.09 m; (b) Isolated biological cavities, G21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 2364.70 m; (c) Microfracture connected to biological dissolution pore, J21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 3413.10 m; (d) Dissolved pores, intergranular pores, microcracks, CT scan(top view) , G21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 3404.13 m; (e) Dissolved pores, intergranular pores, microcracks, CT scan(side view), G21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 3404.13 m; (f) Stereoscopic network of pore space, CT scan(perspective view), G21 well, the Taiyuan Formation, 3404.13 m.
图 8 M29井岩心实验前后核磁共振T2谱
Figure 8. Core NMR T2 spectra before and afte rexperiment of M29 well
图 9 缝网系统贯穿烃源岩与灰岩储集体（成家庄剖面）
Figure 9. Source rock and limestone reservoir are connected by fracture nets (Chengjiazhuang section)
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组灰岩断裂系统平面图(地震解释，主要反映高角度缝)
Figure 10. Fault-fracture System of Taiyuan Limestone in the Eastern Ordos Basin (Seismic Interpretation, mainly reflecting high angle fractures)
图 11 盆地太原组灰岩裂缝中甲烷包裹体、沥青包裹体产状形态特征及激光拉曼光谱
(a) 构造缝，方解石充填，单偏光5倍，T65井，3 247.29 m；(b) 方解石脉体荧光显示，发黄色光，T65井，3 247.29 m；(c) 单个沥青质包裹体，T65井，3 247.29 m；(d)单个沥青质包裹体激光拉曼光谱，T65井，3 247.29 m；(e)单个甲烷包裹体，Q2井，2 564.01 m；(f) 单个甲烷包裹体激光拉曼光谱，Q2井，2 564.01 m。
Figure 11. Occurrence morphology and laser Raman spectroscopy characteristics of methane and asphalt inclusions in the fractures of the Taiyuan limestone in the basin
(a) structural fracture, filled with calcite, 5x single polarization, T65 well, 3 247.29 m; (b) Calcite vein fluorescence , yellow light, T65 well, 3 247.29 m; (c) Single asphaltene inclusion, T65 well, 3 247.29 m; (d) Laser Raman spectroscopy of single asphaltene inclusion, T65 well, 3 247.29 m; (e) Single methane inclusion, Q2 well, 2 564.01 m; (f) Laser Raman spectroscopy of single methane inclusion , Q2 well, 2 564.01 m
图 12 盆地太原组灰岩储层裂缝流体包裹体均一温度分布频率图
Figure 12. Uniform temperature distribution frequency map of fluid inclusions in fractures of Taiyuan limestone reservoir in the basin
图 13 鄂尔多斯盆地陕参1井热演化史图（据任战利）
Figure 13. Thermal evolution history of Shancan-1 well in Ordos Basin (by Ren Zhanli)
图 15 地层弯曲变形与裂缝性质简图
Figure 15. Schematic diagram of geological deformation and fracture properties
图 16 YT1H井太原组测井综合解释成果蓝图
Figure 16. Logging Comprehensive Interpretation Results of YT1H Well in Taiyuan Formation
图 18 横山北地区太原组灰岩勘探成果图
Figure 18. Exploration achievement of the Taiyuan limestone in Northern Hengshan
表 1 太原灰岩典型井裂缝产状统计表
Table 1. Statistics of typical well fracture occurrence in the Taiyuan limestone
井号 SH108 M120 M130 M60 M120 M170 S122 M130 深度/m 2 403.0 2 555.5 1 646.3 2 555.7 1 645.4 2 243.3 2 206.6 2 310.7 倾角/° 85 61.0 68.3 60.9 72.4 73.5 74.3 59 方位角/° 341.5 340.2 324.6 345.0 320.6 329.0 335.1 316 
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表 2 太原灰岩静态、动态孔隙度对比表
Table 2. Comparison of static and dynamic porosity of the Taiyuan Limestone
样品号 井号 岩性 载荷/MPa 深度/m 核磁孔隙/% 孔隙度
增加量/%裂缝孔隙度
贡献率/%裂缝贡献率
平均值/%静态 动态 1 M29 生屑
粉晶
灰岩22.3 2 238.8 2.7 5.9 3.2 54.2 65.8 2 Y18 23.4 2 317.9 0.9 3.3 2.4 72.7 3 T59 28.4 3 412.4 1.9 6.9 5 72.5 4 M29 23.4 2 245.7 0.8 2.2 1.4 63.6 5 M120 藻粘结
灰岩23.4 2 549.2 1.7 2.3 0.6 26.1 30.9 6 Q3 23.6 2 718.8 1.8 2.4 0.6 25.0 7 M125 24.1 2 728.2 6.3 10.8 4.5 41.7 8 S5 生屑
泥晶
灰岩27.82 3 413.3 2 / / / 18.0 9 S2 22.8 2 339.9 1.2 1.4 0.2 14.3 10 Q2 24.7 2 568.8 1.8 2.3 0.5 21.7
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