Study on ecological risk threshold of farmland soil in typical karst region of Guangxi: A case study of Cd
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摘要: 镉（Cd）是一种对人体有害的非必需元素，也是农田土壤首要污染物，其在土壤-作物系统中生态风险阈值评估具有重要意义。因此，需要立即提出一种能够准确的方法来评估岩溶地区农田土壤Cd生态风险阈值。本文系统采集了广西典型岩溶地区102组水稻作物及其根系土壤，利用Bur Ⅲ分布拟合了广西典型岩溶区农田土壤中Cd的物种敏感性分布曲线（SSD），推导出能够保护95%水稻的土壤Cd安全阈值。结果表明，研究区土壤全量Cd超标率90.2%，而水稻籽实Cd仅有8.82%样品超过《食品中污染物限量》（GB
2762 -2022）的限值。利用物种敏感性分布法，推导出土壤pH 5.5~6.5、6.5~7.5和7.5~8.5下保护95%水稻不超标的土壤Cd安全阈值分别为0.22 mg·kg−1，1.08 mg·kg−1和6.4 mg·kg−1，评价结果的推导值正确率随着pH的升高由23.5%显著提高到92.1%。因此，研究结果可以被认为是更准确的评估阈值，为广西典型岩溶地区Cd污染稻田安全生产提供科学参考依据。Abstract: Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element that is harmful to human health, and it is a primary pollutant in agricultural soils. It is important to assess an ecological risk threshold of Cd in soil-crop systems. The soils have previously been shown to be anomalously enriched in Cd through geogenic processes in the karst region,Southwestern China. Therefore, a valuable method that could accurately evaluate ecological risk threshold of Cd in agricultural soils in karst areas needs to be proposed immediately. The rice is the most widely cultivated cereal crop that is responsible for the largest human dietary exposure to Cd in Daxin county.In this study, we systematically collected 102 groups of crops of rice and its root soil from a typical karst area in Guangxi Province. The results showed that 90.2% of Cd in soil samples exceeded the screening value in the National Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB15618-2018), the Cd content in rice seeds planted in those fields, however, were quite low, and only 8.82% samples exceeded the limit for Contaminants in Food (GB2762 -2022). The results revealed a spatial mismatch in Cd pollution between the soil and rice grains in the study area, and the main results are as follows: (i) slight soil pollution and safe rice; (ii) slight soil pollution and serious rice pollution and (iii) safe soil and serious rice pollution. In the study area, the higher the pH value of rice seed growth soil, the weaker the migration ability of Cd, and the less Cd absorbed or transferred by rice seed. Although the soil Cd form is mainly dominated by the content of bioavailable state, the soil pH is mainly weakly alkaline, which inhibits the absorption of soil Cd by plants, and will not affect food security if the soil pH does not change.It is one of the key reasons for the low Cd concentration in rice with high Cd soil geological background. The current soil environmental quality standard is difficult to accurately evaluate the level of soil Cd pollution in the study area, so the soil environmental quality benchmark should be proposed according to the actual situation.Therefore, based on the species sensitivity distribution method, this study calculated the safety limit for protecting 95% of rice seed soil Cd, and evaluated the actual Cd pollution level in the study area.Based on SSD method, we deduced the pollution risk screening values as 0.4 mg·kg-1, 1.08 mg·kg-1 and 6.4 mg·kg-1 corresponding to soil Cd that protected 95% rice from exceeding the standard under pH 5.5~6.5, 6.5~7.5 and 7.5~8.5, respectively.Compared with the soil environmental quality limits stipulated by GB15618-2018, it can be found that the national standard is not rigorous enough and too broad in the environment of acidic soil (5.57.5) soil environment.With the increase of pH value, the correct rate of derived value increased from 23.5% to 92.1%, while the correct rate of screening value given by national standard decreased from 47.1% to 6.3%. The correct rate of derived value according to the evaluation results increased significantly with the increase of pH, from 23.5% to 92.1%. Therefore, this result could be considered a more accurate assessment threshold, and provide a scientific reference for the safe production of Cd-contaminated rice paddies in typical karst areas of Guangxi.-
Key words:
- karst region /
- soil /
- heavy metals /
- ecological risk threshold /
- Cd
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图 2 土壤重金属Cd分布特征
注：(a) 土壤pH值分布图；(b) 土壤pH和土壤Cd浓度的散点图，红色虚线代表农用地土壤污染标准风险筛选值；(c) 土壤重金属Cd不同形态分布特征
Figure 2. Distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal Cd
图 3 水稻籽实中Cd浓度分布图
注：红线代表《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762-2022）水稻籽实限量标准值（0.2 mg·kg−1）
Figure 3. Distribution of Cd concentration in rice seeds
图 4 三个pH区间Cd富集系数的SSD曲线
Figure 4. SSD curves of BCF value for Cd in three pH levels 注：a: 5.5<pH≤6.5, b: 6.5<pH≤7.5, c: pH>7.5
图 5 土壤Cd含量与水稻籽实Cd含量散点图
Figure 5. Scatter plot of soil Cd content and rice seed Cd content
表 1 研究区根系土壤中重金属Cd质量浓度特征
Table 1. The content characteristics of heavy metal Cd in root soil of the study area
元素 最小值/
mg·kg-1最大值/
mg·kg-1平均值/
mg·kg-1标准差 变异系数 基于筛选值的
超标率/%基于管控值的
超标率/%Cd 0.244 114.52 6.57 19.52 2.97 90.20 15.69 
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表 2 根系土中重金属Cd不同形态统计参数（N=46，单位：mg·kg−1)
Table 2. Statistical parameters of different forms of heavy metal Cd in root soil（N=46，unit：mg·kg−1)
名称 残渣态 腐殖酸结合态 离子交换态 强有机结合态 水溶态 碳酸盐结合态 铁锰结合态 范围 0.018~3.40 0.002~1.25 0.034~5.46 0.002~54.70 0.001~0.052 0.024~5.85 0.030~41.30 平均值 0.390 0.133 0.492 1.252 0.004 0.583 1.451 变异系数 1.32 1.52 1.56 6.36 1.72 1.45 4.34
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表 3 研究区水稻籽实重金属Cd含量特征
Table 3. The content characteristics of heavy metal Cd in rice seeds of the study area
元素 最小值/ mg·kg−1 最大值/ mg·kg−1 平均值/ mg·kg−1 标准差 变异系数 超标率/% Cd 0.005 1.95 0.09 0.26 2.85 8.82%
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表 4 研究区基于Burr Ⅲ拟合根系土Cd的安全阈值及方程参数
Table 4. Safety threshold and equation parameters of root soil Cd fitted based on BurrⅢ in the study area
水田pH范围 b c k R2 HC5 推导土壤Cd生态阈值 GB 15618—2018 5.5<pH≤6.5 86.33 3.37 0.20 0.93 1.1 0.22 0.4 6.5<pH≤7.5 36.61 1.56 0.99 0.93 5.4 1.08 0.6 pH>7.5 169.89 2.84 0.63 0.99 32 6.4 0.8
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表 5 不同土壤pH值Cd元素对应的正确区和误判区样品数
Table 5. The number of samples in the correct zone and the wrong zone corresponding to Cd element in different soil pH values
pH变化范围 标准值 正确 误判 5.5~6.5 推导值0.22 4 13 国标筛选值0.4 8 9 6.5~7.5 推导值1.08 12 9 国标筛选值0.6 6 15 >7.5 推导值6.4 58 5 国标筛选值0.8 4 59
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