黔中岩溶区地下水水化学来源特征及其影响因素

江峰; 吉勤克补子; 曹建文; 王若帆; 赵良杰

doi:10.11932/karst2024y028

黔中岩溶区地下水水化学来源特征及其影响因素

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y028

江峰^{1, 2, 4,},
吉勤克补子^{1, 4, ,},
曹建文^{3, 4},
王若帆^{1, 4},
赵良杰^{3, 4}

1.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局114地质大队, 贵州遵义 563000
2.
喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
3.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心，广西桂林 541000
4.
岩溶水资源与环境贵州省院士工作站，贵州遵义 563000

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFC3705001-05）、贵州省重大科技成果转化项目（黔科合成果[2023]重大006）、贵州省地质勘查基金项目（DKJJ2021-01号）以及贵州省地矿局科研项目（[2022]2号）联合资助、岩溶水资源与环境贵州省院士工作站(黔科合平台KXJZ[2024]005)和贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局地质科研项目(黔地矿科合(2024)16号）

详细信息

作者简介:
江峰（1991－），男，在读博士, 从事岩溶地下水污染勘查与防治研究工作。E-mail：gs.fjiang23@gzu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
吉勤克补子（1984－），男，正高级工程师，硕士，长期从事岩溶水文地质工作。E-mail：380741064@qq.com。

中图分类号: P641.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-20
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-31

Source characteristics and influencing factors of groundwater hydrochemistry in the karst areas of central Guizhou

JIANG Feng^{1, 2, 4
,},
JIQIN Kebuzi^{1, 4
, ,},
CAO Jianwen^{3, 4},
WANG Ruofan^{1, 4},
ZHAO Liangjie^{3, 4}

1.
114 Geological Brigade of Guizhou Geological and Mining Bureau, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
3.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
4.
Karst Water Resources and Environment Academician Workstation of Guizhou Province,Zunyi Guizhou 563000,China

摘要

摘要: 文章基于区域水文地质、环境地质调查成果，对黔中岩溶区43个地下水点进行了枯水期和丰水期水样采集测试，利用地球化学图解及主成分分析（PCA）法，探讨该区枯水期和丰水期岩溶地下水水化学特征、离子来源及其影响因素。结果表明，该区地下水枯水期和丰水期的水化学特征及影响因素一致，水化学类型均以HCO₃(SO₄)-Ca(Mg)为主，吉布斯图解分析表明研究区岩溶地下水为岩石风化型，水化学组成主要来源于岩石风化淋滤溶解；[(Ca+Mg)/HCO₃] - [ SO₄/HCO₃]图解分析认为研究区可溶性碳酸盐岩主要受碳酸的风化侵蚀作用控制，局部样品受石膏溶解影响显著；丰水期地下水主成分主要受水岩作用过程（PC1）、人类活动（PC2）及工业生产（PC3）等3类因素影响，这三个影响因素能够解释丰水期地下水水化学组分83.7%的特征；枯水期地下水主要受水岩作用过程（PC1^*）和人类活动（PC2^*）影响，这二类综合因子能够解释枯水期地下水化学组分85.1%的特征。水岩作用过程是该区地下水水化学组分最主要的影响因素。水岩作用主要影响K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$、TP、F⁻、SiO₂等8项水质指标，人类活动主要影响NH$_4^{+}$、COD_Mn及Cl⁻等3项水质指标，而磷矿开采主要影响${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$。研究成果深化了对黔中地区岩溶地下水水化学特征的认识，揭示了地下水离子组分来源及影响因素，研究成果对黔中岩溶区地下水资源的合理开发利用与保护具有积极的指导意义。
- 黔中岩溶区 /
- 地下水 /
- 水化学特征 /
- 主成分分析
Abstract: Based on the results of regional hydrogeological and environmental geological surveys, this study conducted comprehensive water sampling and testing at 43 groundwater points across the karst areas of central Guizhou during the dry and wet seasons. The study utilized three widely-used geochemical diagrams—Piper trilinear plots, Gibbs diagrams, and ion ratio diagrams (including relationships like HCO$_3^{-}$-(Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ and [SO$_4^{2-}$/HCO$_3^{-}$]-[Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/HCO$_3^{-}$) to identify the sources and characteristics of hydrochemical indicators of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou. In addition to these geochemical methods, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed separately on the results of water quality tests completed from the dry and wet seasons to further clarify and verify the characteristics of groundwater sources during these two seasons, and to pinpoint specific water quality indicators influenced by various environment and human factors in the karst areas.The research findings reveal that the hydrochemical characteristics and influencing factors of groundwater in the study area are relatively consistent during the dry and wet seasons. Hydrochemical types of groundwater in this area is predominantly characterized by HCO₃(SO₄)-Ca(Mg). The Gibbs diagrams show that the groundwater chemistry across the study area aligns closely with the rock weathering type, with only minor deviations of a single mine water sample (H6). A comprehensive analysis using Gibbs diagrams confirms that karst groundwater in the study area is primarily of a rock weathering type, with its hydrochemical composition predominantly derived from rock weathering and leaching dissolution processes. Further analysis using the [(Ca+Mg)/HCO₃]-[SO₄/HCO₃] diagrams indicates that the molar ratio of [Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/HCO$_3^{-}$ in groundwater during both the wet and dry seasons is largely below 0.5. This finding is particularly concentrated in the areas dominated by carbonate rocks, with some samples showing a trend towards gypsum dissolution. Particularly, certain samples, such as Spring S214 in Yongjing town of Xifeng county, and Spring C8 in Longyanpo village of Jinzhong town, Kaiyang county, are located either to the right or near the gypsum dissolution line. These positions indicate a significant influence of gypsum dissolution on groundwater chemistry, suggesting gypsum dissolution plays a crucial role in shaping the hydrochemical profile in parts of the areas. A comprehensive analysis of ion ratio correlations suggests that the soluble carbonate rocks in the study area are primarily affected by carbonate weathering and erosion processes. However, significant impacts from gypsum dissolution are also observed in some samples. This suggests that while the majority of the groundwater chemistry is shaped by carbonate dissolution, there are distinct pockets where gypsum dissolution contributes markedly to the groundwater composition. During the wet season, groundwater composition is mainly influenced by three principal factors: water-rock interactions (PC1), human activities (PC2), and industrial production (PC3). Together, these factors explain 83.7% of the variance in groundwater chemical composition. In contrast, during the dry season, groundwater is primarily influenced by water-rock interactions (PC1*) and human activities (PC2*), jointly accounting for 85.1% of the chemical composition variance. This seasonal variation highlights the dynamic nature of groundwater chemistry in response to both natural and human factors. Water-rock interactions emerge as the predominant factor influencing the hydrochemical composition of groundwater in the study area. These interactions significantly affect the concentrations of major ions such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, total phosphorus, fluoride, and silica. Human activities, particularly agricultural and domestic activities, mainly influence the concentrations of ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn), and chloride. Additionally, the impact of phosphate mining is evident in its contribution to elevated sulfate ion concentrations, particularly in areas near mining operations. The research findings provide valuable insights into the complex hydrochemical dynamics of karst groundwater in central Guizhou. The consistent hydrochemical characteristics observed during the dry and wet seasons, alongside the predominant influence of rock weathering and dissolution processes, underscore the importance of geological factors in shaping groundwater chemistry in karst areas. However, the notable influence of gypsum dissolution in certain samples also highlights the need to consider localized geological variations when groundwater quality and developing management strategies are assessed. Moreover, the identification of human activities and industrial production as significant secondary influences on groundwater quality points to the need for targeted management interventions. These interventions should aim to mitigate the impacts of human activities on groundwater resources, particularly in the areas where agricultural runoff, domestic wastewater discharge, and industrial effluents contribute to the groundwater contamination.Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the hydrochemical characteristics of karst groundwater in central Guizhou, revealing the sources of groundwater ion components and their influencing factors. The findings have significant implications for the rational development and conservation of groundwater resources in karst areas. Effective management strategies should consider both natural geological processes and human influences identified in this study to ensure the sustainable use and protection of groundwater resources in the karst areas in central Guizhou. By integrating hydrogeological surveys with geochemical and statistical analyses, this study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding groundwater systems in karst environment, offering valuable guidance for future research and water resource management.
- the karst areas in central Guizhou /
- groundwater /
- hydrochemical characteristics /
- principal component analysis

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图 1 黔中岩溶地区水文地质简图及取样点分布位置图

1.取样点及编号 2.碳酸盐岩区 3.碎屑岩区 4.第四系区 5.变质岩区 6.县域界线 7.河流水系 8.水库水域 9.工矿企业 10.工业固废堆场（依比例尺） 11.工业固废堆场 12.污水处理厂 13.垃圾堆场 14.县政府驻地 15.乡镇驻地 16.村寨驻地

Figure 1. Hydrogeology map and distribution of sampling sites in the karst areas of cental Guizhou

1.sampling sites and numbers; 2. carbonate rock zone; 3. clastic rock zone; 4. Quaternary; 5. metamorphic rock zone; 6. the boundary of county; 7. river system; 8. water area of reservoir; 9. industrial and mining enterprises; 10. industrial solid waste dump (on a scale); 11. industrial solid waste dump; 12. sewage treatment plant; 13. dumping site; 14. county government site; 15. township site 16. village site

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图 2 黔中岩溶地区地下水 Piper 三线图

Figure 2. Piper diagram of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou

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图 3 黔中岩溶区地下水Gibbs图

Figure 3. Gibbs diagram of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou

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图 4 黔中岩溶区地下水${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$-（Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺）关系图

Figure 4. Relationship of Mg²⁺ /Ca²⁺ vs.${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou

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图 5 黔中岩溶区地下水[${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$/${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$]-[Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$关系图

Figure 5. Relationship of [${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$/${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$] vs. [Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺]/${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou

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图 6 丰水期、枯水期地下水主成分图（左-丰水期；右-枯水期）

Figure 6. Principal component diagram of groundwater in the dry season and the wet season (left: the wet season; right: the dry season)

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表 1 黔中岩溶区地下水描述性统计结果

Table 1. Descriptive statistical results of groundwater in the karst areas of central Guizhou

离子类别	季节	极小值/mg·L⁻¹	极大值/mg·L⁻¹	均值/mg·L⁻¹	变异系数/%	峰度
Ca²⁺	丰水期	28.58	239.50	56.07	56.40	28.00
Ca²⁺	枯水期	20.17	155.50	57.95	38.50	7.65
Mg²⁺	丰水期	6.63	288.00	27.49	151.90	38.33
Mg²⁺	枯水期	8.66	326.20	33.72	139.30	38.05
NH$_4^{+}$	丰水期	0.02	2.00	0.08	368.80	41.45
NH$_4^{+}$	枯水期	0.02	0.48	0.04	204.30	17.29
K⁺	丰水期	0.30	12.70	1.74	130.40	14.04
K⁺	枯水期	0.40	20.60	1.87	175.30	27.03
Na⁺	丰水期	0.50	90.00	5.02	275.30	36.16
Na⁺	枯水期	0.40	115.00	6.10	295.00	33.76
Cl⁻	丰水期	0.55	27.58	4.44	109.80	11.48
Cl⁻	枯水期	1.47	30.89	5.55	91.70	14.39
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	丰水期	2.00	220.00	33.23	117.80	11.69
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	枯水期	2.00	883.00	74.60	176.80	35.61
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	丰水期	55.40	1 138.00	235.50	65.30	29.53
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	枯水期	34.80	1 295.00	246.50	72.70	29.03
pH	丰水期	6.63	8.37	7.60	4.30	1.76
pH	枯水期	6.96	8.44	7.90	4.70	−0.74
COD	丰水期	0.02	4.77	0.50	149.80	26.34
COD	枯水期	0.02	4.13	0.48	138.20	22.95
TP	丰水期	0.02	7.84	0.35	404.50	22.66
TP	枯水期	0.02	25.50	0.64	603.40	42.97
SiO₂	丰水期	0.21	12.90	3.13	53.20	28.81
SiO₂	枯水期	2.14	27.80	4.66	86.90	26.66
F⁻	丰水期	0.10	0.80	0.17	92.80	7.56
F⁻	枯水期	0.00	0.84	0.13	92.80	27.00

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表 2 KMO 和 Bartlett 检验结果表

Table 2. Test results of KMO and Bartlett

取样足够度的 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 度量	丰水期	0.67
取样足够度的 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 度量	枯水期	0.74
Bartlett 的球形度检验近似卡方	丰水期	746.67
Bartlett 的球形度检验近似卡方	枯水期	1 150.82

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表 3 丰水期地下水特征值、方差百分数和累计方差百分数

Table 3. Eigen values, percentages of variance and cumulative percentages of groundwater in the wet season

成分	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5	PC6	PC7	PC8	PC9	PC10	PC11	PC12	PC13
特征值	7.269	2.552	1.055	0.661	0.614	0.329	0.17	0.102	0.095	0.076	0.042	0.03	0.004
方差百分数/%	55.918	19.628	8.115	5.088	4.725	2.535	1.306	0.788	0.729	0.588	0.324	0.228	0.029
累计方差百分数/%	55.92	75.55	83.66	88.75	93.48	96.01	97.32	98.10	98.83	99.42	99.74	99.97	100.0

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表 4 枯水期地下水特征值、方差百分数和累计方差百分数

Table 4. Eigen values, percentages of variance and cumulative percentages of groundwater in the dry season

成分	PC1^*	PC2^*	PC3^*	PC4^*	PC5^*	PC6^*	PC7^*	PC8^*	PC9^*	PC10^*	PC11^*	PC12^*	PC13^*
特征值	8.971	2.092	0.944	0.407	0.194	0.139	0.080	0.069	0.044	0.035	0.016	0.009	0.000
方差百分数	69.01	16.09	7.263	3.129	1.492	1.067	0.617	0.531	0.339	0.266	0.126	0.068	0.003
累计方差百分数	69.01	85.10	92.36	95.49	96.98	98.05	98.67	99.20	99.54	99.80	99.93	99.99	100.0

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