贡嘎山玉龙西高寒钙华地貌对冰川活动的记录

柴沛然; 赵学钦; 王富东; 蒋耀曦; 张强; 朱和艳

doi:10.11932/karst2024y027

贡嘎山玉龙西高寒钙华地貌对冰川活动的记录

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y027

1.
西南科技大学环境与资源学院, 四川绵阳 621010
2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/ 联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41672206）；国家自然科学基金联合基金项目（U21A2016）；广西岩溶动力学重点实验室开放课题基金（KDL&Guangxi202302）

详细信息

作者简介:
柴沛然（1994－），硕士研究生，从事第四纪气候研究。E-mail：cprhelloworld@163.com

中图分类号: P931.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-09-20
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-25

Records of glacier activities by the alpine travertine landform in the Yulongxi area along Gongga mountain

1.
School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 文章选取贡嘎山西侧玉龙西断裂带附近的钙华及周边冰碛物为研究对象，在野外调查的基础上，通过卫星高光谱遥感数据进行钙华识别，对钙华进行航空摄影测量，并构建主要钙华体精细化DEM及三维模型，分析钙华分布规律及地貌特征。结果表明：研究区钙华集中分布于玉龙西区域南北向断裂带两侧，沟谷由高向低处延伸，部分残留钙华体长宽比及表面擦痕等形态特征符合鲸背石、羊背石的外观特点。根据XRD半定量测试结果，结合地形特征，推测覆盖于钙华体之上的堆积物可能是冰川活动的产物，冰川活动时期，上部杂谷脑组风化剥蚀的物质随着冰川作用搬运至钙华体之上，活跃的冰川活动导致早期钙华遭受强烈的冰川侵蚀作用，形成冰川侵蚀地貌。
- 贡嘎山 /
- 高寒钙华 /
- 高光谱遥感 /
- 地形分析 /
- 冰川活动
Abstract: As a carrier of geological historical records and climatic information, travertine has played a crucial role in the study of global climate change, and scholars have made significant progress in research on travertine over the past few decades. Travertine deposits are widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, often referred to as the "Third Pole in the World". They are especially distributed in high mountains along the eastern edge of the plateau, forming a belt of travertine from northeast to southwest. These travertine formations in the high-altitude regions are predominantly found above the Quaternary ancient glaciers, closely associated with the development and distribution of these glaciers. Hence, the travertine geomorphology in these high-altitude areas may serve as evidence of the Quaternary glacial activities. Therefore, aiming to provide evidence for the Quaternary glacier activities, this study selects surface-exposed travertine in the Yulongxi area on the western side of Gongga mountain as the research subject to analyze records of glacial activities in high-altitude travertine.The specific research methods employed in this study are as follows: (1) conducting field geological work to survey glacial landforms surrounding travertine, such as glacial striations, sheep back stones, etc., and collecting samples of moraines on and near the old travertine bodies; (2) utilizing GF-05 satellite hyperspectral remote sensing data to interpret the lithology of travertine developed in the fault zone of the Yulongxi area, thereby obtaining the distribution characteristics of travertine in the study area; (3) employing drones to perform low-altitude photogrammetric surveys on several typical travertine bodies in the study area, constructing refined DEMs and 3D models to analyze the distribution patterns and geomorphological characteristics of travertine, and combining terrain features to analyze the formation of sheep back stones and whalebacks; (4) using XRD testing technology to analyze the compositions of moraines and comparing the similarities and differences between the compositions of moraines deposited at different locations on the old travertine bodies; (5) integrating previous chronological data on travertine belts developed in the north-south direction on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and comprehensively discussing the potential records of glacial activities in travertine in the study area during the last Glacial Maximum.The research findings are summarized as follows. (1) Travertine in the study area is mainly distributed on both sides of the fault zone within the altitude range of 4,000 m to 4,500 m. Large travertine formations are more concentrated within a 200-meter elevation difference. Some residual travertine bodies are characterized morphologically by elongated shapes, surface striations, etc., consistent with the appearance of whalebacks and sheep back stone. (2) Based on XRD test results and terrain features, it is inferred that the deposits covering the travertine bodies are likely the products from glacial activities. During glacial periods, material weathered and eroded from the upper part of the Zagunao Formation was transported onto the travertine bodies through glacial action. Simultaneously, with the Quaternary glacier activities, early travertine formations underwent intense glacial erosion, forming glacial erosional landforms.Combining previous research on travertine and moraines in the Gongga mountain area, this study draws the following conclusions regarding the potential records of glacial activities during the last Glacial Maximum in the study area. During interstadial periods of the last Glacial Maximum, warming climate led to glacier melting and retreat. The melting of ice and snow, coupled with rainfall, provided favorable material conditions for the formation of travertine deposits in the study area. Meltwater and rainfall infiltrated down to lower elevations along synclines of the Zagunao Formation, upwelled along the fault in the Yulongxi area, overflowed near the fault and downstream valleys, and finally formed extensive travertine deposits. During glacial periods, the entire region was covered by glaciers. Under the pressure of the upper glaciers, bedrock debris entrained at the glacier base eroded and abraded the bedrock (travertine). Early travertine formations were eroded, forming glacial erosional landforms, with travertine fragments and bedrock debris covering the travertine bodies in some areas. With global warming and rising temperature, travertine growth ceased in most areas, due to the rapid retreat of glaciers and the reduction of precipitation and meltwater. Early glacially eroded travertine landforms were subjected to erosion and weathering by water flow, and some moraines remained on the top of old travertine bodies.
- Gongga mountain /
- alpine travertine /
- hyperspectral remote sensing /
- topographic analysis /
- glacial activity

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图 1 研究区位置及采样点分布图

a.Ⅰ：大陆性冰川区；Ⅱ：海洋性冰川区，底图为1∶5 000 000冰川、雪被、冻土和泥石流分布图 b.贡嘎山周边主要冰川及分布 c.采样点决支沟JZG d.采样点格晋查GJC

Figure 1. Distribution of sampling points and location of the study area

a.I: Continental Glacier Area; II: Marine Glacier Area (The base map in 1∶5,000,000 presents the distribution of glacier, snow cover, frozen soil, and debris flow b.Main glaciers and their distribution around Gongga mountain c.Sampling point Juezhigou JZG d.Sampling point Gejincha GJC)

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图 2 野外采集数据

Figure 2. Field data collection

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图 3 鲸背石形态钙华体三维模型

Figure 3. A three-dimensional model of travertine in the morphology of whaleback stone

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图 4 研究区卫星图

（a.红点标识为钙华体出露位置，数字号码为钙华体编号；b.黄色框选区域的高光谱卫星影像，黄色虚线条为玉龙西断裂，红色斑块为ENVI方解石识别结果）

Figure 4. Satellite map of the study area

(a. red dot: the exposed locations of travertine, number: the number of travertine; b. Hyperspectral satellite images of the yellow boxed area; yellow dashed line: the Yulongxi fault; red patches: identification of ENVI calcite)

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图 5 DEM分析图

Figure 5. DEM analysis chart

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图 6 19号羊背石形态钙华体（a）和20号羊背石钙华体（b），19、20号羊背石钙华体局部分布图（c）

Figure 6. Comparison of the No.19 sheep back stone travertine (a) and No.20 sheep back stone travertine (b);Local distribution maps for No.19 and No.20(c)

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图 7 钙华地貌冰川活动特征

（a.钙华形成的羊背石；b.钙华沉积中的冰漂砾；c.钙华上冰溜面；d.钙华上冰溜面及擦痕）

Figure 7. Characteristics of glacial activities in travertine landforms

(a.Sheep back stone formed by travertine; b.Ice debris in travertine; c.Ice slide surfaces on travertine; d.Ice slide surfaces and ice abrasion marks on travertine)

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图 8 决支沟钙华分布图（a）及剖面图（b）（红色圆圈为取样点位置）

Figure 8. Distribution map (a) and profile map (b) of travertine in Juezhigou (red circles indicating locations of sampling points)

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图 9 研究区钙华演化模式图

Figure 9. Evolution pattern of travertine in the study area

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表 1 采样点野外信息记录

Table 1. Field information records of sampling points

样品编号	经度	纬度	海拔 /m	特征描述
JZG-01 JZG-02 JZG-03	101°39′38.77″ 101°39′36.37″ 101°39′34.03″	29°33′50.5″ 29°33′51.47″ 29°33′53.08″	4029.0 4043.5 4055.7	疏松钙华风化物、钙华块与灰黑色云母片岩混杂
GJC-01 GJC-02 GJC-03	101°36′9.01″ 101°36′13.28″ 101°36′14.28″	29°27′12″ 29°27′7.33″ 29°27′8.26″	3751.0 3754.6 3751.9	灰白色泥页岩与半固结黏土岩

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表 2 高分五号高光谱相机主要技术指标

Table 2. Main technical indicators of hyperspectral camera onboard GF-5

光谱分辨率/nm	空间分辨率/m	幅宽/km	光谱范围/μm
VNIR：5	30	60	0.4~2.5
SWIR：10	30	60	0.4~2.5

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表 3 精灵4 RTK功能参数

Table 3. Function parameters of Phontom 4 RTK

最大起飞海拔	6 000 m	飞行时间	约30 min
影像传感器	1 英寸 CMOS；有效像素 2 000 万（总像素 2 048 万）	镜头	FOV 84°； 8.8 mm / 24 mm（35 mm 格式等效）；光圈 f/2.8 - f/11；带自动对焦（对焦距离 1 m - ∞）
定位精度	垂直1.5 cm+1 ppm（RMS）；水平1 cm+1 ppm（RMS）	照片最大分辨率	4864×3648（4∶3）； 5472×3648（3∶2）

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表 4 钙华体延伸方向与坡向夹角统计

Table 4. Statistics of the angles between extension direction and slope direction

钙华编号	夹角/°	坡向	坡度/%	海拔跨度/m	长/m	宽/m	长宽比
1	8	S	75	4 087~4 266	−	−	−
2	45	E	65	4 123~4 222	−	−	−
3	12	SW	56	4 130~4 175	79.6	21.2	3.75∶1
4	3	NE	57	4 282~4 313	54.0	11.4	4.74∶1
5	3	NE	54	4 275~4 301	47.8	13.3	3.59∶1
6	2	NE	55	4 254~4 277	42.0	9.2	4.57∶1
7	12	E	83	4 293~4 349	−	−	−
9	20	SE	21	4 292~4 302	48.3	8.1	5.96∶1
10	24	SE	25	4 283~4 290	28.0	4.5	6.22∶1
11	21	E	25	4 230~4 246	65.0	17.1	3.80∶1
12	10	SE	27	4 227~4 241	52.7	16.5	3.19∶1
17	13	SE	37	4 293~4 339	124.3	35.5	3.50∶1
18	24	SE	53	4 386~4 409	43.6	8.1	5.38∶1
19	7	SE	5	4 252~4 255	57.5	10.5	5.48∶1
20	4	SE	7	4 247~4 250	30.7	12.9	2.38∶1
24	18	E	33	4 245~4 260	45.2	24.0	1.88∶1
25	15	E	66	4 371~4 401	44.9	7.8	5.76∶1
26	5	E	18	4 335~4 356	115.1	24.4	4.72∶1
平均值	13.67	−	42.33	−	59.25	15.00	3.95∶1

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表 5 X射线衍射分析结果

Table 5. Results of X-ray diffraction analysis

样品编号	GJC−01	GJC−02	GJC−03	JZG−01	JZG−02	JZG−03
石英/%	42.4	13.9	37.9	49.9	53.2	53.1
方解石/%	−	63.4	−	−	−	−
斜绿泥石/%	8.1	7.4	14.1	19.9	14.3	11.8
伊利石/%	15.0	11.9	26.3	−	−	−
钠长石/%	21.1	−	14.0	4.2	6.1	6.5
正长石/%	−	−	−	0.4	1.3	1.2
钾长石/%	2.2	−	2.3	−	−	−
蒙脱石/%	5.3	1.3	1.5	1.2	3.4	1.5
堇青石/%	5.1	0.8	1.8	−	−	−
伊利—蒙脱石/%	0.8	−	2.1	−	−	−
白云母/%	−	1.3	−	24.1	21.5	25.6
高岭石/%	−	−	−	0.3	0.2	0.3

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