不同土地覆被下岩溶洞穴滴水的水文特征

范宏岱; 胡运迪; 周忠发; 胡德勇; 张宇超; 黄正周; 王登超; 尚运; 李航

doi:10.11932/karst2024y018

不同土地覆被下岩溶洞穴滴水的水文特征

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y018

范宏岱^1,,
胡运迪^{1, 2, ,},
周忠发^{1, 2},
胡德勇³,
张宇超¹,
黄正周¹,
王登超⁴,
尚运¹,
李航⁵

1.
贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
2.
贵州省喀斯特山地生态环境国家重点实验室培育基地, 贵州贵阳 550025
3.
贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局一0五地质大队, 贵州贵阳 550018
4.
中国环境科学研究院, 北京 100012
5.
中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550081

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42072278)；贵州省科技计划项目（黔科合基础ZK[2022]一般306）

详细信息

作者简介:
范宏岱（1997－），男，硕士，主要从事岩溶地貌与洞穴研究。E-mail：1658878485@qq.com

通讯作者:
胡运迪（1991－），女，副教授，主要从事岩溶区水循环、碳循环研究。E-mail：hydhydro@163.com。

中图分类号: P641.12
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-12-12
- 录用日期: 2024-04-03
- 修回日期: 2024-03-28
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-28
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-25

Hydrological characteristics of dripping water in karst caves under different land covers

1.
School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
2.
The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
3.
No.105 Geological Brigade of Guizhou Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, China
4.
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
5.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, China

摘要

摘要: 土地覆被类型是水循环过程的重要影响因子，为探究不同土地覆被下洞穴滴水的水文特征及其影响因素，文章选取了贵州岩溶区不同土地覆被下的清江洞（土层厚，植被中等）、广顺洞（土层薄，植被好）和石将军洞（土层薄，植被差，顶板厚）3个洞穴，基于滴水流量、土壤含水量及气象数据进行研究。结果表明：（1）3个洞穴的滴水流量均存在季节性变化规律，滴水在降水输入少的旱季易发生断流；（2）由于土壤的截留和储存作用，使得洞顶土层覆盖厚的清江洞相较于广顺洞和石将军洞在雨季8月到10月期间表现出特有的流量低值现象，且全年土壤含水量的最低值也出现在此时期；（3）3个洞穴滴水流量的年均值为石将军洞（1.185 mL·min⁻¹）＞清江洞（0.600 mL·min⁻¹）＞广顺洞（0.236 mL·min⁻¹），流量的全年稳定程度为石将军洞＞广顺洞＞清江洞；（4）植被对洞穴滴水水文特征的影响弱于土壤，土壤发育较好的洞穴（清江洞）比土层薄但植被覆盖高的广顺洞全年更容易断流，另外顶板厚度大的洞穴（石将军洞）全年滴水流量稳定程度最好。综上，洞穴滴水流量除受降水、气温、湿度等气象条件影响外，还受土地覆被、含水层顶板厚度的影响。
- 土地覆被 /
- 滴水 /
- 水文特征 /
- 流量 /
- 土壤含水量
Abstract: In recent years, the deterioration of global climate has caused a series of natural environment problems, which urgently requires researchers to forecast the future climate and put forward effective management measures. Previous studies have shown that the study and reconstruction of the earth paleoclimate can help people understand the patterns of past climate change and its dominant mechanism. Therefore, as to effectively predict the future climate change and the way the contemporary ecosystem responds to the future climate change, the restoration and reconstruction of ancient climate and environment have gradually become the focus of today's research on earth sciences. At present, an increasing number of researchers have reconstructed paleoclimate and environment based on various geochemical indexes of stalagmites and secondary carbonate sediments in karst caves. Cave dripping water is the material basis for the formation of stalagmites, and it is also the main source of trace elements in stalagmites. The high frequency signal caused by the change of external climate environment will affect the ancient climate information recorded by stalagmites. Therefore, it is of great importance to establish a long-term monitoring system based on cave dripping water and to analyze the relationship between the hydrologic characteristics of cave dripping water and the changes of external environment during the study of stalagmite indication. Cave dripping water is an important part in the water cycles of karst areas, and its hydrological characteristics are closely related to the geochemical isotope indexes which carry climate information. The land cover type is an important factor affecting the regional water cycle processes. However, most of the current studies discussing the impact of land cover on water cycle processes are mainly concentrated on the watershed scale in non-karst areas, and very few studies focus on the impact of land cover on the hydrological characteristics of cave dripping water in karst areas. In order to explore the influence of different land covers on hydrological characteristics of cave dripping water in karst areas, this study selected three karst caves with different types of topsoil and vegetation in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China. These three caves are Qingjiang cave with thick soil layer and moderate vegetation cover), Guangshun cave with thin soil layer and dense vegetation cover, and Shijiangjun cave with thin soil layer, sparse vegetation cover and thick carbonate roof. This study was conducted based on drip discharge rate, soil water content and meteorological data during one hydrological year. Study results show: (1) The drip discharge rates of the three caves display obvious seasonal variations that are synchronized with the input of precipitation, i.e. high in the rainy season, low in the dry season, because they were influenced by meteorological conditions, e.g. precipitation, temperature and humidity. The dripping water flow is vulnerable to dry up in the dry season with less precipitation input. (2) Soil has a strong retention and storage effect on precipitation infiltration. Compared with Guangshun cave and Shijiangjun cave, Qingjiang cave with thick soil layer on the roof shows a unique low flow value during the rainy season from August to October, due to high external temperature and long exposure time after rain, which leads to strong evaporation effect. Besides, the lowest annual soil water content also occurs during this period. (3) The abundance of drip discharge rates of the three caves can be ranked as follows: Shijiangjun cave (1.185 mL·min⁻¹)>Qingjiang cave (0.600 mL·min⁻¹)>Guangshun cave (0.236 mL·min⁻¹), according to their annual mean values. The annual stability of their drip discharge can be obtained by their Cv values, indicating that the drip discharge is the most stable in Shijiangjun cave (0.072), followed by the discharge in Guangshun cave (0.481) and Qingjiang cave (1.264). (4) The influence of vegetation on hydrological characteristics of dripping water is weaker than that of soil, and the dripping water flow in caves with better soil cover development are more likely to dry up throughout the year. For example, the dripping water flow in Qingjiang cave with thick soil cover is more likely to dry up than in Guangshun cave with thin soil layer but with dense vegetation cover. In addition, caves with thick carbonate roof would have a better regulation effect on dripping water flow, e.g. Shijiangjun cave where its dripping water flow is the most stable and abundant throughout the year. In summary, the discharge rate of dripping water is affected not only by meteorological conditions such as precipitation, temperature and humidity, but also by land cover and thickness of aquifer roof above a cave. Therefore, the results of this study could provide crucial scientific guidance for the selection of dripping water points with relatively abundant and stable flow in karst caves, and would be of great significance for the use of cave dripping water in climate research.
- land cover /
- dripping water /
- hydrological characteristics /
- discharge rate /
- soil water content

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图 1 清江洞、广顺洞、石将军洞的地理位置及顶部土地覆被

Figure 1. Geographical location and top land covers of Qingjiang cave, Guangshun cave, and Shijiangjun cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 广顺洞(a)、清江洞(b)、石将军洞(c)滴水流量及当地气象数据的季节变化

注：其中，图2（b）中QJ—6的滴水流量使用右侧的纵坐标轴，图2（c）中SJ—5的滴水流量使用右侧纵坐标轴。

Figure 2. Seasonal variations of drip discharge rates and meteorological data in Guangshun cave (a), Qingjiang cave (b), and Shijiangjun cave (c)

Note: the drip discharge rates of QJ-6 in Fig. 2 (b) are shown by the vertical axis on the right, and the drip discharge rates of SJ-5 in Fig. 2 (c) are shown by the vertical axis on the left.

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图 3 广顺洞（a）、清江洞（b）、石将军洞（c）洞穴滴水电导率、饱和指数与降水的季节变化

Figure 3. Seasonal variations of drip conductivity, saturation index and precipitation in Gwangshun cave (a), Qingjiang cave (b) and Shijongjun cave (c)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 清江洞土壤含水量和各气象数据季节变化

Figure 4. Seasonal variations of soil water content and meteorological data in Qingjiang cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 清江洞A组（a）、B组（b）、C组（c）、D（d）组土壤含水量、气象数据以及洞穴滴水流量季节变化

Figure 5. Seasonal variations of soil water content, meteorological data, and drip discharge rates in Groups A (a), B (b), C (c), and D (d) in Qingjiang cave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 广顺洞、清江洞、石将军洞洞穴滴水流量的对比

注：其中， QJ—6和SJ—5的滴水流量使用右侧的纵坐标轴。

Figure 6. Comparisons of drip discharge rates between Guangshun cave, Qingjiang cave, and Shijiangjun cave

Note: the drip discharge rates of QJ-6 and SJ-5 are shown by the vertical axis on the right.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 监测期内3个洞穴的滴水流量统计值

Table 1. Statistics of drip discharge rates in the three caves during the monitoring period

石将军		广顺		清江
日期	流量 /mL·min⁻¹	日期	流量 /mL·min⁻¹	日期	流量 /mL·min⁻¹
2021/5/30	1.118	2021/5/30	0.411	2021/6/14	0.715
2021/6/27	1.163	2021/6/27	0.207	2021/7/19	1.882
2021/7/19	1.258	2021/7/19	0.399	2021/8/29	0.099
2021/8/28	1.363	2021/8/28	0.330	2021/9/21	0.074
2021/9/20	1.260	2021/9/20	0.195	2021/10/27	0.112
2021/10/30	1.109	2021/10/30	0.198	2021/11/28	0.237
2021/11/27	1.166	2021/11/27	0.132	2021/12/30	0.022
2021/12/30	1.156	2021/12/30	0.075	2022/1/23	0.156
2022/1/23	1.237	2022/1/23	0.063	2022/3/6	0.185
2022/3/5	1.105	2022/3/5	0.222	2022/4/3	2.320
2022/4/16	1.086	2022/4/16	0.216	2022/5/14	1.444
2022/5/14	1.228	2022/5/14	0.405	2022/6/18	0.440
2022/6/18	1.273	2022/6/18	0.243	2022/7/11	0.224
2022/7/16	1.073	2022/7/16	0.204
平均值	1.185		0.236		0.600
变差系数 Cv	0.072		0.481		1.264

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 清江洞基于土壤含水量曲线形态的分组

Table 2. Grouping based on the curve of soil water content in Qingjiang cave

分组	日期	平均温度/℃	平均湿度/%	降水量/mm
A	2021/6/14—2021/7/19	25.1	77%	108.5
B	2021/7/19—2021/10/9	24.9	72%	237.8
C	2021/10/9—2022/3/16	8.2	82%	239.8
D	2022/3/16—2022/7/11	18.9	79%	417.5

下载: 导出CSV

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