基于生态安全格局的岩溶山地国土空间生态修复关键区识别

卢泓杏; 赵宇鸾

doi:10.11932/karst2024y017

基于生态安全格局的岩溶山地国土空间生态修复关键区识别——以贵州省关岭县为例

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y017

卢泓杏^{1, 2,},
赵宇鸾^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院, 贵州贵阳 550001
2.
贵州省喀斯特生态环境国家重点实验室培育基地, 贵州贵阳 550001
3.
贵州师范大学关岭喀斯特生态系统野外科学观测研究站, 贵州关岭 561301

基金项目: 贵州省科技厅科技创新基地建设项目（黔科合中引地[2023]005）；贵州省自然科学基金项目（黔科合基础-ZK[2023]重点027）

详细信息

作者简介:
卢泓杏（1998－），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：岩溶生态建设与区域经济。E-mail：2729816289@qq.com

通讯作者:
赵宇鸾（1985－），男，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，研究方向：土地利用与山区发展。E-mail：zhaoyl.09b@igsnrr.ac.cn。

中图分类号: P641;X171.4
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-17
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-30

Identification of key areas for the ecological restoration of karst mountainous territorial space based on the construction of ecological security pattern: A case study of Guanling, Guizhou Province

LU Hongxing^{1, 2
,},
ZHAO Yuluan^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
2.
The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Karst Mountain Ecology Environment of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
3.
Guanling Karst Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, Guizhou Normal University, Guanling, Guizhou 561301, China

摘要

摘要: 为识别县域国土空间生态修复关键区，以滇黔桂石漠化片区的贵州省关岭县为例，选取2020年国土变更调查数据、“三区三线”划定成果、高程DEM等数据，利用MSPA、景观连通性指数、电路理论等方法，通过构建生态安全格局，识别生态夹点、生态障碍点等作为生态修复关键区。结果表明：（1）识别关岭县37块生态源地(449.78 km²)，其受不同石漠化程度影响呈现东西部集中成片、中部零星离散的空间分布特征；（2）提取74条生态廊道(140.775 km)有效连接零散分布的源地，等级较高的生态廊道多分布在石漠化程度较低区域。共识别36处生态夹点和14处生态障碍点作为国土空间生态修复关键区，构建出“三区、两轴、多点”的国土空间生态修复格局以提高生态修复成效；（3）确定生态夹点区的生态修复面积为757.84 hm²，主要分布在研究区中部的低阻力区域，确定的生态障碍点区的生态修复面积为364.48 hm²，主要集中在研究区中部的人类活动密集区，其分布范围受人类活动与大面积、深程度石漠化的双重干扰；（4）生态修复措施需结合实际石漠化治理成效及修复成本科学推进，并根据胁迫因子的差异性提出有利于关岭县生态修复与岩溶地区环境保护的规划布局。
- 安全格局 /
- 生态节点 /
- 生态修复 /
- 岩溶山地 /
- 关岭
Abstract: As one of the most ecologically fragile regions in the world, the ecosystem in the karst area is characterized by low environmental bearing capacity, high vulnerability and acute conflicts between human and land use, and thus the karst area requires strict ecological protection and effective ecological restoration. Guanling Buyi Miao Autonomous County (hereinafter referred to as Guanling county) is located in Anshun City, Guizhou Province. The karst landform accounts for 83.83% of the total land area of this county. Guanling county is a desertification area of Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou, with the ecological protection red line area amounting to 25.10% of the land area of this county; therefore, Chinese government listed it as a key county receiving assistance for rural revitalization. The karst mountainous area of Guanling county is distributed with a wide area of severe rocky desertification, with prominent conflicts between human and land use, and at the same time a number of national ecological zones are located there. In recent years, ecological degradation problems have caused habitat fragmentation and poor capacity for ecosystem supply in this county. Therefore, the identification of key areas for ecological restoration of national territorial space is of great significance to the ecological security of the Beipan river basin and even the Pearl river basin.The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the importance level of ecological source areas, and to identify these areas by combining multiple factors such as MSPA, ecological protection red line, landscape connectivity analysis, etc.; (2) to construct the ecological resistance surface by synthesizing the impacts of human beings and nature, and to construct the regional ecological security pattern by using the circuit theory to extract the ecological elements such as ecological corridors, ecological pinch points, ecological barriers, etc.; (3) to classify the ecological control area based on the regional ecological background, and to propose targeted ecological restoration measures for territorial space.The results of the study show that: (1) Thirty-seven ecological source areas (449.78 km²), affected by different degrees of rocky desertification, in Guanling county have been identified. These areas are contiguously concentrated in the east and west, and scattered in the central part of the county. (2) Seventy-four ecological corridors (140.775 km) have been extracted, with important ecological corridors concentrated in the areas in a lower degree of rock desertification. At the same time, 36 ecological pinch-points and 14 ecological barriers have been identified as key areas for ecological restoration of territorial space, and the ecological restoration effectiveness have been improved by the construction of an ecological restoration pattern of "three zones, two axes and multiple points". (3) The ecological restoration area of the identified ecological pinch-points covers 757.84 hm², which is mainly distributed in the low-resistance area in the central part of the study area. The ecological restoration area of the identified ecological barriers covers 364.48 hm², which is mainly concentrated in the central part of the study area with intensive human activities, and its distribution is subjected to the double interference of human activities and extensive and severe rocky desertification. (4) Ecological restoration measures need to be promoted scientifically in combination with the actual effectiveness of rock desertification management and the restoration cost. Besides, the planning conducive to ecological restoration and environmental protection of karst areas in Guanling county should be proposed according to the variability of stress factors.
- security pattern /
- ecological node /
- ecological restoration /
- karst mountain /
- Guanling county

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图 1 研究区地理位置及土地利用类型分布

Figure 1. Geographical location and distribution of the land use of the study area

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图 2 基于MSPA分析的景观类型图

Figure 2. Landscape types based on MSPA

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图 3 生态源地空间分布

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of ecological source areas

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图 4 生态源地重要性分级

Figure 4. Importance levels of ecological source areas

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图 5 生态阻力因子分级

Figure 5. Classification of ecological resistance factors

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图 6 综合生态阻力面

Figure 6. Comprehensive ecological resistance surface

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图 7 生态廊道空间分布

Figure 7. Spatial distribution of ecological corridors

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图 8 关岭县生态安全格局

Figure 8. Ecological security pattern of Guanling county

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图 9 关岭县生态夹点分布

Figure 9. Distribution of ecological pinch-points in Guanling county

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图 10 关岭县生态障碍点空间分布

Figure 10. Spatial distribution of ecological barriers in Guanling county

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图 11 关岭县生态断裂点空间分布

Figure 11. Spatial distribution of ecological breaking points in Guanling county

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表 1 生态阻力因子赋值及权重

Table 1. Weight and assignment of ecological resistance factors

阻力因子	亚类	阻力值	权重
土地利用类型	林地	3	0.45
	草地	5
	其他用地	150
	园地	150
	耕地	400
	水域及水利设施用地	400
	交通设施用地	800
	城镇村及工矿用地	1 000
高程/m	360~500	50	0.15
	500~1 000	100
	1 000~1 500	150
	1 500~1 841	200
坡度/°	0~8	100	0.15
	8~15	200
	15~25	300
	25~35	400
	>35	500
距道路距离/m	30~500	100	0.25
	500~1 000	20
	1 000~1 500	10
	1 500~2 000	5
	>2000	1

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表 2 景观类型分类统计表

Table 2. Classification of landscape types

景观类型	总面积/km²	占前景要素比例	占研究区面积比例
核心区	621.94	64.03%	42.47%
边缘区	176.07	18.13%	12.02%
桥接区	76.07	7.83%	5.19%
支线	42.93	4.42%	2.93%
环岛	22.02	2.27%	1.50%
孤岛	16.51	1.70%	1.13%
孔隙	15.74	1.62%	1.07%

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表 3 生态源地重要性指数

Table 3. Index of the importance of ecological source areas

编号	面积/km²	指数
编号	面积/km²	dIIC	dPC
15	93.88	55.53	51.61
28	45.19	36.30	27.83
18	34.67	29.05	18.54
31	12.12	18.38	11.13
10	38.46	17.29	16.48
32	29.25	13.81	8.58
33	17.79	11.54	8.81
17	19.68	11.30	8.26
16	18.94	9.36	8.48
3	16.70	7.60	6.70
22	15.96	7.59	5.39
11	13.43	6.14	5.22
26	6.75	6.08	2.55
23	15.78	5.30	5.56
30	13.37	5.30	4.19
7	7.26	3.28	2.91
20	1.53	3.10	0.55
27	1.72	2.98	0.51
19	7.50	2.50	3.15
25	3.64	1.80	1.23
36	4.36	1.50	1.21
21	4.56	1.46	1.35
35	2.79	1.19	0.78
37	2.47	1.05	0.69
2	2.21	1.03	0.88
34	1.80	0.98	0.58
14	1.53	0.77	0.61
1	1.40	0.69	0.61
4	1.37	0.69	0.46
6	1.29	0.62	0.44
5	1.81	0.57	0.50
9	1.09	0.49	0.56
13	1.01	0.49	0.34
12	1.11	0.45	0.36
8	1.16	0.42	0.62
24	3.71	0.42	0.33
29	2.50	0.41	0.02

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表 4 生态源地重要性等级面积及占比

Table 4. Importance levels of area and proportion of ecological source areas

生态源地等级	数量	占源地总数比例	面积/ hm²	占源地总面积的比例
一级	8	21.62%	291.0360	57.30%
二级	11	29.73%	118.9489	31.99%
三级	18	48.65%	39.7965	10.70%

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表 5 关岭县生态“夹点”分布情况

Table 5. Distribution of ecological pinch-points in Guanling county

生态区	乡镇	数量	面积/hm²	分布位置	土地利用类型
东部岩溶山地生态区	八德乡	2	62.8573	八一村、法宜村、郎宫居委会、民族村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	白水镇	3	25.8230	凡化村、坑边居委会、乌拉居委会、新寨村	耕地、林地、园地
	坡贡镇	2	32.7064	凡化村、新寨村	耕地、林地、园地
西部国家湿地生态区	普利乡	2	21.1030	东关村、月霞村、云峰村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地
	新铺乡	2	33.6982	江龙村、新龙村	草地、耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	永宁镇	3	63.0072	白岩村、东关村、云峰村、中兴村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
中部高原峡谷生态区	板贵乡	5	119.4564	多德村、花嘎村、坪寨村、中寨村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	顶云乡	2	41.1327	谷新村、木厂村	耕地、林地、园地
	断桥镇	1	0.9474	福农村、戈尧村、红星村	林地
	关索镇	5	125.0503	北口村、菠萝沟村、场坝社区、龙潭村、落叶新村、西龙村、许土村	草地、耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	花江镇	8	138.9281	厂上村、多德村、莲花村、前峰村、桃源村、锡厂村、向阳村、永睦村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	上关镇	5	74.9895	场坝村、福农村、戈尧村、红星村、三合村	耕地、林地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	永宁镇	2	18.1463	东方红村、围墙村	耕地、林地

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表 6 关岭县生态“障碍点”分布情况

Table 6. Distribution of ecological barriers in Guanling county

生态区	乡镇	数量	面积/hm²	分布位置	土地利用类型
东部岩溶山地生态区	八德乡	2	67.0832	大理村、法宜村、后寨村、民族村	草地、城镇村及工矿用地、耕地、交通运输用地、林地、其他土地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
中部高原峡谷生态区	顶云乡	1	18.5574	谷新村	耕地、交通运输用地、林地、园地
	关索镇	4	93.3678	北口村、红星村、龙潭村、落叶新村、许土村	草地、城镇村及工矿用地、耕地、交通运输用地、林地、其他土地、水域及水利设施用地、园地
	花江镇	2	50.0638	前峰村、下石村	城镇村及工矿用地、耕地、交通运输用地、林地、园地
	上关镇	7	135.4073	场坝村、冬足村、福农村、红星村、乐安村、龙潭村、落哨村	草地、城镇村及工矿用地、耕地、交通运输用地、林地、其他土地、水域及水利设施用地、园地

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