Spatial-temporal pattern of land use evolution in mountain–basin systems based on three typical villages
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摘要: 基于山－坝系统的地域特点，选取贵州省惠水县好花红镇的三个典型村落为研究对象，分析1990—2018年研究区人口－耕地－宅基地的演化特征。采用参与式农村评估法获取人口疏化、耕地与宅基地利用数据，从三个案例村梯度差异的视角分析人口、耕地和宅基地时空演化规律，对耕地和宅基地进行功能划分。结果表明：（1）农村人口疏化程度不同，山区人口流失严重，人口过疏化现象显著；山坝交错区人口流失较严重，人口过疏化现象突出；坝区人口流失较少，有疏化现象；（2）耕地撂荒程度地域差异明显，山区耕地撂荒最严重，山坝交错区次之，坝区较轻；耕地撂荒或转型，造成耕地资源的利用方式和功能发生变化；（3）从宅基地利用变化看，数量上“未减反增”、空间上“外扩内空”，宅基地结构和功能转变明显；（4）农村人口疏化驱动土地资源利用变化，变化动力主要来源于社会经济变化和区域人口乡城迁移，影响土地利用变化的多种因素及其发生过程彼此相互依赖和制约，形成一种具有动态关联的耦合现象。Abstract:
As a typical eco-vulnerable area of rocky desertification in karst mountains of Southwest China, Guizhou Province is characterized by a large number of mountains and hills, and a scarcity of basin land and high-quality cultivated land. Consequently, the contradiction between large human need and small farmland acreage is increasingly prominent. In this study, we selected three typical villages—Shuiyuan village, Manyu village and Haohuahong village in Haohuahong town, Huishui county, Guizhou Province as the study areas. Shuiyuan village is located in a remote mountainous area with a large number of barren sloping farmlands. This village is mainly developing the agricultural economy. Manyu village is a typical of low hills and gentle slopes, distributed with both sloping farmlands and basin land. This village is mainly developing the breeding industry. Haohuahong village is characterized by the flat terrain, with rich farmland resources and high degree of agricultural mechanization, and it is a typical model village of modern agricultural development in Huishui county. These three villages have jointly formed a mountain–basin system. On the basis of the regional characteristics of mountain–basin system, we explored the spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics of the coupling evolution of rural population, farmland and homestead in these three villages from 1990 to 2018. We acquired the data of depopulation, farmland and rural homestead in these three villages by participatory rural appraisal, analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution of population, farmland and homestead from the village gradient perspective, and further divided the functions of farmland and rural homestead. The results show as follows: (1) The degree of rural depopulation is different. Population outflows are severe in mountainous areas with marked depopulation. There are less population outflows in basin areas, with depopulation. Population outflows are very common with prominent depopulation in the intersected areas between mountains and basins. (2) Regional differences of farmland abandonment are obvious. Farmland abandonment is the most severe in mountain areas, followed by the areas intersected between mountains and basins, and farmland abandonment in basin areas was less severe. Abandonment or transformation of farmland has caused the changes of utilization types and functions of the farmland. (3) From the perspective of homestead use, the number of homesteads increased and the space of homestead expanded to outside but was deserted inside. Structures and functions of homestead changed noticeably. (4) Rural depopulation drove the change of land use, which was mainly driven by socio-economic change and regional population migration from rural to urban areas. Various factors affecting the changes of land use and the processes of these changes are interdependent and restrict each other, which has constituted a dynamic coupling phenomenon. To sum up, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of land use evolution in mountain areas, intersected areas between mountains and basins and basin areas are different in different periods. The research results are helpful to guide the rural farmland utilization and protection, homestead activation and utilization in mountain–basin systems with different geographical conditions, socio-economic development levels, traffic conditions and geological backgrounds in Guizhou Province. It is of reference value for us to realize the sustainable development of society and economy in terms of mountain–basin system. -
Key words:
- mountain–basin system /
- land use change /
- rural depopulation /
- farmland /
- homestead
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图 2 典型村1990-2018年实际人口变化
Figure 2. Actual population change of the three villages from 1990 to 2018
图 3 典型村宅基地总数与弃用率
Figure 3. Total number and abandonment rate of homesteads in the three villages
图 4 山－坝系统人口－耕地－宅基地耦合演化特征
Figure 4. Coupling evolution characteristics of population–cultivated land–homestead in mountain–dam system
表 1 1990-2018年调查典型村人口情况
Table 1. Population of the three villages from 1990 to 2018
研究区 统计人口/人 实际人口/人 留守人口比例/% 1990年 2005年 2018年 1990年 2005年 2018年 1990年 2005年 2018年 水源村 653 711 765 499 376 209 76.42% 52.88% 27.32% 满玉村 760 857 893 599 498 556 78.82% 58.11% 62.26% 好花红村 751 848 883 589 491 662 78.43% 57.90% 74.97% 
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表 2 1990—2018年典型村人口年龄结构
Table 2. Age structure of the three villages from 1990 to 2018
年龄段 水源村 满玉村 好花红村 1990年 2005年 2018年 1990年 2005年 2018年 1990年 2005年 2018年 0~15岁 231 207 147 269 249 184 266 246 161 16~30岁 194 130 212 226 157 208 223 155 227 31~45岁 110 163 135 128 197 211 127 195 207 46~60岁 75 117 163 88 141 156 87 140 159 60岁以上 42 94 108 49 113 134 48 112 129
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表 3 1990—2018年典型村留守人口年龄结构及平均老龄化率
Table 3. Age structure and average aging rate of left-behind population in the three villages from 1990 to 2018
年龄段 平均老龄化率% 水源村 满玉村 好花红村 46~60岁 16.42 17.25 17.24 60岁以上 12.13 13.04 12.11
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表 4 典型村耕地撂荒状况
Table 4. Farmland abandonment in the three villages
时间段 水源村 满玉村 好花红村 耕地面
积/hm2实际耕种
面积/hm2撂荒面
积/hm2耕地面
积/hm2实际耕种
面积/hm2撂荒面
积/hm2耕地面
积/hm2实际耕种
面积/hm2撂荒面
积/hm21990年 811.30 736.96 74.34 1 365.80 1 337.04 28.76 925.60 888.98 36.62 2005年 802.30 585.48 216.83 1 352.60 1 174.30 178.30 902.30 728.33 173.97 2018年 781.82 155.20 596.64 1 329.28 758.11 469.17 876.10 28.00 444.10
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表 5 宅基地使用、废弃以及弃用率
Table 5. Use, abandonment and abandonment rate of homestead
时间段 典型村 宅基地总面积/m2 住宅建筑总面积/m2 宅基地总数/处 宅基地闲置、废弃数/处 弃用率/% 1990年 水源村 24 687.50 12 075 115 5 4.35 满玉村 30 209.78 15 240 128 3 2.34 好花红村 35 957.27 16 510 126 2 1.59 2005年 水源村 27 773.44 21 900 145 16 1.10 满玉村 38 022.66 29 600 161 7 4.35 好花红村 42 948.96 35 640 160 4 2.50 2018年 水源村 34 288.20 42 960 177 115 64.97 满玉村 52 085.83 92 460 199 25 12.56 好花红村 49 940.65 94 500 196 7 3.58
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