岩溶泉水温度对降雨－流量响应的指示作用

何清; 陈喜; 张志才; 程勤波

doi:10.11932/karst2024y003

岩溶泉水温度对降雨－流量响应的指示作用

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y003

何清^1,,
陈喜^{1, 2, ,},
张志才¹,
程勤波¹

1.
河海大学水文水资源学院, 江苏南京 210098
2.
天津大学地球系统科学学院表层地球系统科学研究院, 天津 300072

基金项目: 自然科学基金重点项目（41571130071）；面上项目（41971028，41571020）

详细信息

作者简介:
何清（1998－），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为喀斯特流域水文。E-mail：211301010011@hhu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
陈喜（1964－），男，博士，教授，主要从事地下水及水文数值模拟研究。E-mail：xichen@hhu.edu.cn， xi_chen@tju.edu.cn。

中图分类号: P641.134
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-16
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-28
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-30

Indicative function of karst spring temperatures on rainfall-flow response

HE Qing^1
,,
CHEN Xi^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHANG Zhicai¹,
CHENG Qinbo¹

1.
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China
2.
Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

摘要

摘要: 岩溶区土－岩交错、裂隙和管道发育，加大了降雨入渗补给方式和多重水流辨识难度。文章利用贵州陈旗小流域场次降雨、泉流量以及大气、土壤和泉水温度观测数据，识别降雨入渗补给方式、泉流量来源以及热传导机制。结果表明：强度小、历时长的降雨，泉水温度缓慢上升且持续时间长，以“分散入渗补给”和热传导作用为主；随着降雨强度增大、持续时间缩短，泉水温度上升时段缩短、下降快速，以“径流集中入渗补给”和“直接集中入渗补给”为主，热传导减弱、平流作用增强。退水初期泉水温度比泉流量下降快速，后期则相反。指示退水初期泉流量来源于大量细小裂隙水向岩溶管道中释放，后期释放量减小并趋于稳定。
- 岩溶泉 /
- 降雨－径流响应 /
- 泉水温度 /
- 入渗补给
Abstract: Karst in Southwest China is located in hot and humid climate region. Strong dissolution produces various combinations of soil, rock fractures and conduits. Therefore, the hydrogeological heterogeneity in this area contributes the difficulty to the identification of various precipitation recharge formations and multiple flow components. Tracers, such as stable isotopes, electrical conductivity, and chemical ions, have been widely used to aid our understanding of hydrological processes. Compared to these tracers, the temperature is a much cheaper alternative for high spatial-temporal resolution monitoring. In this study, the dynamics of hydrograph and temperatures in atmosphere, soils and spring water were used to trace hydrological processes of precipitation infiltration, recharge into conduits and flow exchange between conduits and fractures. Taking a hillslope spring of Chenqi basin in the karst area of Southwest China as the study area, we compared variations in atmospheric temperatures, soil temperatures, spring water temperatures before and after 21 rainfall events from the middle May to the middle September in the years of 2016 and 2017. In addition, on the basis of heat-water transfer mechanism of soil, surface karst zones, and karst conduits in spring areas, we identified the infiltration and recharge modes of different types of rainfall and the effects of fast and slow flows on the decline of spring discharge, in order to reveal the formation mechanism of runoff and infiltration recharge in karst areas. Results show that soil temperatures were much higher than spring discharge temperatures, and rainfall infiltration could sufficiently lowered soil temperatures and spring discharge temperatures in the study period. However, for the 21 rainfall events, the discharge temperatures varied in the rising phase of hydrograph because of different extents of heat mixture between the cool infiltration water and warm soils/rocks at ground surface. These differences were proven to be related with three types of precipitation infiltration and recharge, i.e. recharge by dispersed infiltration, recharge by concentrated infiltration of shallow runoff and direct recharge by concentrated rainfall. The study indicates that the recharge by dispersed infiltration occurred in the rainfall that was not heavy but lasted for a long time. In such type of rainfall, the spring discharge temperatures showed a slow rise with the increase of discharge. This phenomenon was attributed to the fact that the long-term thermal conduction in soils or small fractures heated infiltration water. However, as rainfall became more intensive but lasted for shorter time, the recharge by concentrated infiltration of shallow runoff and the direct recharge by concentrated rainfall dominated the rise of hydrograph. When the shallow runoff was developed, the spring discharge temperatures showed a decline after a rapid increase in the rising phase of hydrograph. This research finding indicates that both thermal conduction and convection affected discharge temperatures. The thermal conduction of infiltration in soils or small fractures played a role in heating infiltration water, and thus in raising discharge temperatures. In contrast, the thermal convection via large fractures and sinkholes made the cool water (e.g., the rainfall and runoff in the flow peak) into conduits, which lowered discharge temperatures. The direct recharge by concentrated rainfall only occurred in extremely heavy but short rainfall. For such type of rainfall, the spring discharge temperatures showed a short and rapid increase in the rising phase of hydrograph, which can be inferred that the thermal convection may control discharge temperatures. Furthermore, in the recession period of hydrograph, variations in the spring discharge and temperatures can be used to distinguish mixture of the cool water in small fractures (slow flow) with conduit flow (fast flow). In the early recession period, the hydrograph maintained a high discharge and receded at a slow rate but discharge temperatures declined at a great rate, which indicated that there was a large amount of cool water in small fractures releasing to conduits. In the late recession period, the spring discharge receded to a stable state and its temperature remained steady and lowest, which can be inferred that water release from small fractures to conduits significantly reduced. The study results demonstrate that the temperature information is useful in tracing the complicated hydrological processes while more observations particularly those in epikarst and conduits are needed to increase the tracing reliability.
- karst spring /
- rainfall-flow response /
- spring temperature /
- rainfall infiltration

HTML

图 1 陈旗流域地形、岩性、水文气象观测站以及山坡泉域分布

Figure 1. Distributions of topography, lithology, hydrometeorological observation stations and of hillslope springs in Chenqi basin

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同降雨事件气温（T_a）、土壤（T_s）和泉水温度（T_Q）和泉流量（Q）变化

Figure 2. Variations of temperatures of air (T_a), soil (T_s) and spring water (Ts), and spring flow (Q) in different rainfall events

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 泉域降雨入渗补给以及管道与裂隙水流交换过程（右图）及其概化图（左图）

Figure 3. Rainfall infiltration recharge in the spring area and flow exchange between conduits and fissures (the right picture) and the schematic diagram (the left picture)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同月份场次降水平均降水量以及雨前、雨中平均气温、土壤温度和泉水温度

Table 1. Average rainfall in different months and average air, soil and spring temperatures before and during rainfall

	降水量 /mm	气温T_a /℃		土壤温度T_s/℃				泉水温度T_Q/℃
	降水量 /mm	气温T_a /℃		埋深20 cm		埋深40 cm		泉水温度T_Q/℃
		雨前	雨中	雨前	雨中	雨前	雨中	雨前	雨中
5月（1场）	28.8	21.59	21.09	21.68	19.25	18.28	18.90	18.08	17.01
6月（8场）	42.5	22.59	19.19	23.69	19.65	20.29	20.39	17.22	17.02
7月（3场）	43.1	22.08	19.49	24.39	20.72	21.33	21.40	17.62	17.33
8月（4场）	20.9	22.23	21.66	22.49	21.24	22.86	22.93	18.21	17.77
9月（5场）	16.4	23.23	21.28	22.84	19.37	21.79	21.80	19.34	18.76
平均	30.3	22.53	20.41	23.35	20.25	21.57	21.63	18.10	17.72

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表 2 不同降雨类型下泉流量、泉水温度变化特征以及入渗补给方式和泉水来源辨识

Table 2. Variations of spring flow and spring temperatures, and the identification of infiltration recharge manners and spring water sources under different rainfall types

降雨		入渗期		退水期
类型	降雨特征	泉流量和温度	入渗方式和热传导作用	泉流量和温度	泉水来源
I类	雨强小(≤10 mm·h⁻¹)、历时长(H≥10 h)	泉流量和泉水温度缓慢上升，流量峰值维持时间长；土壤温度缓慢下降，但高于泉水温度	分散入渗，热传导	初期泉流量比泉水温度下降慢；后期泉流量迅速下降至平稳状态，泉水温度接近雨前温度	初期大量细小裂隙水的释放；后期细小裂隙水释放量降低，趋于稳定
II类	雨强大(>10 mm·h⁻¹)、历时短(1 h≤H<10 h)	泉流量迅速上升，泉水温度先上升后快速下降；土壤温度迅速下降，接近泉温度峰值	径流集中入渗, 热传导和平流传热	泉流量下降与上述类似，泉水温度初期下降迅速，后期低于雨前温度
III类	雨强大(>10 mm·h⁻¹)、历时极短(H<1 h)	泉流量迅速上升，泉水温度快速下降或短暂上升后下降；土壤温度下降迅速	直接集中入渗，平流传热	泉流量下降与上述类似，泉水温度初期下降迅速，后期远低于雨前温度

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