章丘北部地区地热流体水文地球化学特征及成因

卢兆群; 孟祥鑫; 亓协全; 朱光骥; 刘凯丽; 尹秀贞

doi:10.11932/karst2024y001

章丘北部地区地热流体水文地球化学特征及成因

doi: 10.11932/karst2024y001

中化地质矿山总局山东地质勘查院, 山东济南 250013

基金项目: 济南市国土资源局地质勘查服务项目[JNCZ(HZJS)-GK-2016-0004]；济南市自然资源和规划局地质勘查服务项目[JNCZ(XY)-JC-2020-0101]

详细信息

作者简介:
卢兆群（1985－），男，高级工程师，从事水文地质、地热地质及环境地质研究工作。E-mail：luzhaoqun@163.com

中图分类号: P314.1;P641.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-05
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and genesis of geothermal water in northern Zhangqiu

Shandong Geological Prospecting Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China

摘要

摘要: 济南市章丘北部地区发育有厚度巨大的晚古生代至新生代沉积地层，断裂构造和岩浆岩也较为发育，区内地热资源丰富，目前有地热井3口，均位于断裂带附近。文章利用水化学和同位素数据，分析区内地热流体的水化学特征、水—岩作用过程、补给来源、形成年龄，估算补给区高程、热储温度、热水循环深度。结果表明：研究区地热流体水化学类型为Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca型或SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na型；水化学组分主要来源于水—岩溶解作用，且具有相似的水文地球化学过程；大气降水补给，补给区高程为+563~+616 m，¹⁴C表观年龄在5.55~29.71 ka之间，均是现代水与古水的混合水；利用玉髓温标计算的热储温度为41.9~52.4 ℃，相应循环深度为622~1 565 m；研究区为深循环—弱开放型岩溶热储，其地热水经深循环加热而形成，形成和富集受断裂构造控制明显，其为层状兼带状热储，属中低温地热资源。
- 章丘 /
- 地热水 /
- 水文地球化学 /
- 同位素 /
- 成因模式
Abstract: The northern part of Zhangqiu district in Jinnan City has developed a thick sedimentary formation from the late Paleozoic to the Cenozoic. In this district, relatively well-developed fault structures and magmatic rocks provide good geothermal conditions. Abundant geothermal resources have been discovered in the study area, with three geothermal wells located near the fault zone. Therefore, establishing the genesis model of geothermal resources is significant for their future sustainable development and utilization.Based on hydrochemical and isotopic data of the study area, hydrochemical characteristics, water-rock interaction process, recharge source and formation age of geothermal water have been analyzed in this study. Besides, the elevation of the recharge area, thermal reservoir temperature, and depth of hot water circulation have also been calculated. Research findings show that geothermal water in the study area is composed of Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca or SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na, whose hydrochemical components mainly come from water-rock dissolution in the similar hydrogeochemical process. The source of water recharge is supplied by atmospheric precipitation, at an elevation from +563 m to +616 m. The ¹⁴C apparent age ranges from 5.55 ka to 29.71 ka. The geothermal water is mixed with modern water and ancient water. The chalcedony temperature scale shows that the temperature of geothermal reservoir is at 41.9–52.4 ℃, with the circulation depth of geothermal water at 622–1,565 m. The study area is a small-opened karst hot reservoir with deep circulation, during which geothermal water is heated up. Formation and enrichment of geothermal water are significantly controlled by fault structures. The geothermal reservoir is of stratified and banded type, belonging to geothermal resources at medium-low temperature.
- Zhangqiu district /
- geothermal water /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- isotope /
- genesis model

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图 1 研究区地质及地热井位置分布图

1.第四系白云湖组 2.第四系大站组 3.新近系巴漏河组 4.三叠系孙家沟组 5.二叠系石盒子群孝妇河组 6.二叠系石盒子群奎山组 7.二叠系石盒子群万山组 8.中粗粒二长岩 9.辉绿玢岩 10.辉长玢岩 11.实测及推测地质界线 12.推测角度不整合界线 13.推测及实测张扭性断裂及产状(齿向示斜落盘方向） 14.地热井编号及深度/m 15.隐伏地层

Figure 1. Geology and distribution of geothermal wells in the study area

1. Quaternary Baiyunhu Formation 2. Quaternary Dazhan Formation 3. Neogene Baluohe Formation 4. Triassic Sunjiagou Formation 5. Xiaofuhe Formation of Permian Shihezi Group 6. Kuishan Formation of Permian Shihezi Group 7. Wanshan Formation of Permian Shihezi Group 8. medium-coarse monzonite 9. sillite 10. gabbroporphyrite 11. measured and extrapolated geological boundaries 12. extrapolated angular unconformity boundary 13. measured and extrapolated tension-torsion fracture and its occurrence (The tooth trace shows the direction of the inclined falling disc.) 14. number and depth of geothermal wells/m 15. buried stratum

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图 2 研究区地热井测温曲线图

Figure 2. Temperature curve of geothermal wells in the study area

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图 3 研究区地热水样Piper图解

Figure 3. Piper diagram of geothermal water samples in the study area

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图 4 研究区地热水主要离子组分玫瑰花图

Figure 4. Rose diagram of main ion components of geothermal water in the study area

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图 5 研究区地热水Schoeller图

Figure 5. Schoeller diagram of geothermal water in the study area

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图 6 研究区地热水微量元素组分含量对比图

Figure 6. Comparison of trace element contents of geothermal water in the study area

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图 7 研究区地热水Gibbs图解

Figure 7. Gibbs diagram of geothermal water in the study area

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图 8 研究区地热水主要元素含量关系图

Figure 8. Relationship between main element contents of geothermal water in the study area

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图 9 岩溶地下水主要离子组分含量变化趋势图

Figure 9. Variation of main ion components in karst groundwater

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图 10 研究区及周边代表性水样δD-δ¹⁸O关系图

Figure 10. δD-δ¹⁸O diagram of representative water samples in and around the study area

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图 11 研究区地热水Na–K–Mg平衡图

Figure 11. Na-K-Mg equilibrium diagram of geothermal water in the study area

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图 12 研究区地热水成因模式示意图

Figure 12. Genesis model of geothermal water in the study area

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表 1 研究区地热井信息表

Table 1. Information of geothermal wells in the study area

井编号	位置	井深/m	盖层时代	盖层厚度/m	热储层时代	揭露热储厚度/m	孔底温度/℃	地温梯度/℃·100 m⁻¹	水温/℃
章桃1	枣园史家村南	428.77	Q,P,C	378.31	O_2-3M	50.46	41.00	6.46	41.0
章宁1	宁家埠小桑村南	1 511.10	Q,T,P,C	954.00	O_2-3M	557.10	46.24	2.09	45.5
章绣1	绣惠沙埠村北	1 517.59	Q,T,P,C	975.00	O_2-3M	542.59	50.20	2.35	40.0

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表 2 章绣1地热勘探井大地热流计算结果

Table 2. Results of terrestrial heat flow of Zhangxiu No.1 geothermal exploration well

岩性	深度范围/m	厚度/m	地温梯度/ ℃·km⁻¹	热导率/W·（m ℃）⁻¹	热流值/mW·m⁻²	平均热流值/ mW·m⁻²
灰岩	975~1 170	195	21.03	2.99	62.9	45.5
蚀变岩	1 170~1 200	30	16.67	3.29	54.8
灰岩	1 200~1 517	317	11.36	2.99	34.0

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表 3 研究区地热水主要水化学组成

Table 3. Main hydrochemical composition of geothermal water in the study area

井编号	水温/ ℃	pH	水化学组分/mg·L⁻¹
井编号	水温/ ℃	pH	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$
章桃1	41.0	7.59	67.28	747.51	673.82	95.83	798.63	2 320.04	205.88
章宁1	45.5	7.05	55.84	1 054.00	852.83	141.65	1 809.72	2 324.72	191.71
章绣1	40.0	7.04	73.57	1 015.59	935.10	137.03	2 087.18	1 975.38	142.30
井编号	水化学组分/mg·L⁻¹
井编号	F⁻	Br⁻	总硬度	TDS	H₂SiO₃	HBO₂	Li	Sr
章桃1	2.17	1.45	2 122.28	4 830.00	33.10	1.21	1.48	13.09
章宁1	2.41	3.10	2 766.27	6 602.05	28.74	1.90	1.53	15.93
章绣1	2.01	2.64	3 183.41	6 311.00	25.99	1.38	2.03	14.77

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表 4 补给、径流、排泄区主要水化学组成

Table 4. Main hydrochemical compositions of groundwater in recharge, runoff and discharge areas

分区	采样地点	水化学组分/mg·L⁻¹								水化学类型
分区	采样地点	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	TDS	水化学类型
补给区	黄露泉	2.17	9.58	136.33	12.49	24.31	117.84	256.19	502.17	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca
径流区	百脉泉	0.78	10.00	115.73	25.58	21.27	129.63	273.66	479.24	HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg
径流—排泄区	章桃1	70.92	756.09	661.64	106.09	788.00	2 334.48	204.02	4 844.50	SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na
径流—排泄区	章宁1	55.84	1 054.00	852.83	141.65	1 809.72	2 324.72	191.71	6 602.05	Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca

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表 5 研究区及周边代表性水样同位素组成

Table 5. Isotopic compositions of representative water samples in and around the study area

样品编号	样品类型	δD VSMOW/‰	δ¹⁸O VSMOW/‰	现代碳百分数/%	¹⁴C表观年龄/ka
章桃1*	地热水	−75.00	−9.9	12.85±1.55	16.96±1.0.00
章宁1	地热水	−74.58	−9.8	51.10±0.80	5.55±0.08
章绣1	地热水	−74.00	−9.9	2.75±1.29	29.71±3.87
百脉泉*	常温泉水	−69.00	−9.1
大气降水*	大气降水	−58.00	−8.1
注：表中数据来源于文献[16]、[27]。 Note: Data marked with "" in above table is derived from literatures of [16] and [27].

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表 6 研究区地热水水化学特征系数

Table 6. Hydrochemical characteristic coefficient of geothermal water in the study area

井编号	γCl⁻/γCa²⁺	γCl⁻/(γ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$+γ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}$)
章桃1	0.67	6.67
章宁1	1.20	16.22
章绣1	1.26	25.20

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表 7 二氧化硅地热温标计算结果

Table 7. Calculation results of silica geothermometer

井编号	SiO₂/mg·L⁻¹	热储温度/ ℃
井编号	SiO₂/mg·L⁻¹	玉髓温标	石英温标
章桃1	33.10	52.4	83.5
章宁1	28.74	46.2	77.6
章绣1	25.99	41.9	73.6

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表 8 研究区地热水循环深度估算结果

Table 8. Estimation results of geothermal water circulation depth in the study area

井编号	热储温度/ ℃	平均气温/ ℃	地温梯度/ ℃·100 m⁻¹	常温带深度/m	循环深度/m
章桃1	52.4	14.1	6.46	30	622
章宁1	46.2	14.1	2.09	30	1 565
章绣1	41.9	14.1	2.35	30	1 212

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