40年来昆明盆地碳酸盐岩风化溶解过程对大气中CO<sub>2</sub>浓度变化的响应

杨晓艳; 任世川; 田文锐; 马能伟; 宋增宏; 李国瑞; 张高引

doi:10.11932/karst20240611

40年来昆明盆地碳酸盐岩风化溶解过程对大气中CO₂浓度变化的响应

doi: 10.11932/karst20240611

杨晓艳^{1, 2, 3,},
任世川^{1, 2, 3, ,},
田文锐^{1, 2, 3},
马能伟^{1, 2, 3},
宋增宏^{1, 2, 3},
李国瑞^{1, 2, 3},
张高引^{1, 2, 3}

1.
云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态修复重点实验室(筹), 云南昆明 650216
2.
自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态修复重点实验室, 云南昆明 650216
3.
云南省地质环境监测院, 云南昆明 650216

详细信息

作者简介:
杨晓艳（1982－），女，高级工程师，主要从事水工环方面的调查研究工作。E-mail：515178059@qq.com

通讯作者:
任世川（1979－），男，硕士研究生，正高级工程师，主主要从事水工环方面的调查研究工作。E-mail：56926747@qq.com。

中图分类号: P642.25；P512.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-01
- 录用日期: 2024-12-11
- 修回日期: 2024-11-29
- 网络出版日期: 2025-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-12-25

Response of carbonate weathering and dissolution processes in the Kunming basin to changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the past 40 years

YANG Xiaoyan^{1, 2, 3
,},
REN Shichuan^{1, 2, 3
, ,},
TIAN Wenrui^{1, 2, 3},
MA Nengwei^{1, 2, 3},
SONG Zenghong^{1, 2, 3},
LI Guorui^{1, 2, 3},
ZHANG Gaoyin^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, MNR, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
3.
Yunnan Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China

摘要

摘要: 近年来，大气中CO₂浓度持续上升与全球气候变化相互关系引发了人们对地球系统碳循环的广泛关注，作为碳循环的重要环节，岩溶作用在对大气中CO₂浓度变化的响应方面，存在较大的时间尺度分歧，文章以昆明盆地两个岩溶泉水40年监测数据为基础，收集了气象、大气中CO₂浓度等资料，采用水化学―流量法、对比分析法定量评价了40年来岩溶作用的动态变化及对大气中CO₂浓度变化的响应。研究结果表明：碳酸盐岩风化消耗CO₂质量浓度与大气CO₂浓度呈正相关，滞后时间约20年，变化速率基本相当；碳汇强度变化主要受降水变化控制，无明显滞后，同时受大气CO₂浓度变化影响，滞后时间20年。说明大气中CO₂浓度的上升会加强碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用从大气回收更多的CO₂，在缓解全球变暖中发挥着重要作用，这对进一步准确评估岩溶碳汇强度，解决“遗漏碳汇”问题，助推“双碳”目标的实现具有重要意义。
- 二氧化碳 /
- 西南岩溶 /
- 昆明盆地 /
- 碳酸盐岩风化碳汇 /
- 变化响应
Abstract: The carbon cycle of the Earth's system coexists with global climate change. Carbon circulates in different forms between different reservoirs, with carbonate rocks actively participating in the global carbon cycling through karst processes. The recovered CO₂ accounts for about one-third of the "missing sink", making it an important link between the atmosphere and the sink of CO₂. Currently, the dynamic studies on the karst carbon cycling are mainly focused on short time scales such as daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual dynamics, as well as the effects of precipitation. These studies suggest that karst processes are extremely sensitive to environmental changes and are basically synchronized with various climate changes (such as precipitation and temperature) and biological activities, with no significant lag observed. The long-term dynamic changes and responses to climate change are mainly based on carbon isotope records in stalagmites. These records indicate that the changes in carbon content within stalagmites lag behind alterations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration by 16 years. Although the IPCC's AR5 and AR6 reports acknowledge the important role of karst carbon sink in sequestering atmospheric CO₂, they classify the carbon sink associated with carbonate rock weathering (karst action) as a long-term carbon sink with a time scale of 10³–10⁴ years. Furthermore, this process has not been incorporated into the global carbon budget. There is considerable controversy surrounding the timescale of karst carbon sink. Consequently, the long-term dynamics of carbonate weathering, carbon sink, and their responses to climate change necessitate further in-depth research.The outcropping area of carbonate rocks in the karst area of Southwest China covers 540,000 km², encompassing three major geomorphic units of the country. This area represents the largest contiguous distribution of exposed carbonate rocks in the world. It benefits from favorable water and heat conditions, along with intense karst processes, which contribute to significant carbon sink effects. The Kunming basin is a water-collecting karst graben basin, with a catchment area of 2,924.5 km². The outcropping area of carbonate rock layers accounts for about 32% of the total basin area. Karst water in the basin is characterized by abundant amount, concentrated storage, and good water quality. Meanwhile, Kunming, as the capital city of Yunnan Province, has a developed socio-economy. Groundwater monitoring in the area began early and has resulted in a substantial accumulation of foundational data. However, research on karst carbon sink remains relatively underdeveloped. Based on the long-term observation data of karst springs in the Kunming basin, this paper analyzes and calculates the changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, climate indicators (temperature and precipitation), and data on spring water quality. The response of carbonate weathering to fluctuations in atmospheric CO₂ concentration and climate change over the past 40 years, along with its carbon sink effect and contribution to CO₂ emission reduction is preliminarily evaluated. The results show that the CO₂ consumption rate by carbonate weathering is positively correlated with atmospheric CO₂ concentration, exhibiting a lag time of about 20 years, and the rate of change is basically the same. The variations in carbon sink intensity are mainly controlled by changes in precipitation, with no obvious lag time, while also being affected by changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration, with a lag of 20 years. The research findings indicate that the increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration will enhance the dissolution of carbonate rocks, allowing more CO₂ to be sequestrated from the atmosphere. This process plays an important role in mitigating global warming. These findings are significant for accurately evaluating the intensity of karst carbon sink, incorporating karst carbon sink into global carbon accounting, addressing the "missing sink" problem, and promoting the achievement of the "dual carbon" goals.
- carbon dioxide /
- karst in Southwest China /
- the Kunming basin /
- carbonate weathering and carbon sink /
- response to change

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图 1 昆明盆地水文地质简图

1.岩溶水 2.裂隙水 3.孔隙水 4.断层 5.地层界线 6.泉点

Figure 1. Hydrogeology of the Kunming basin

1. karst water 2. fissure water 3. pore water 4. fault 5. stratigraphic boundary 6.spring point

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图 2 1832－2021年大气CO₂浓度变化曲线图

Figure 2. Variation curves of atmospheric CO₂ concentration from 1832 to 2021

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 1951－2020年昆明主城区10年平均气温和降水量变化趋势图

Figure 3. Variation trend of 10-year average temperature and precipitation in the main urban area of Kunming from 1951 to 2020

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图 4 1982－2021年白龙潭泉水中HCO⁻浓度变化图

Figure 4. Variations of HCO⁻ concentration in spring water from Bailong pool from 1982 to 2021

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图 5 1982－2021年蝙蝠洞泉水中HCO⁻浓度变化图

Figure 5. Variations of HCO⁻ concentration in spring water from Bianfu cave from 1982 to 2021

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图 6 碳酸盐岩风化速度与大气中CO₂浓度变化线性关系图

Figure 6. Linear relationship between the weathering rate of carbonate rocks and variations in atmosphere CO₂ concentration

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图 7 1982－2021年昆明盆地碳酸盐岩风化碳汇强度与降水、大气中CO₂浓度变化趋势对比图

（左侧坐标为碳汇强度，右侧坐标为降水量和大气中CO₂浓度，其中大气中CO₂浓度为3倍实际数值）

Figure 7. Comparison of carbon sink intensity of carbonate rock weathering, precipitation and variation trends of atmospheric CO₂ concentration in the Kunming basin from 1982 to 2021

(The left axis represents the carbon sink intensity, and the right axis depicts precipitation and atmospheric CO₂ concentration, with the latter being 3 times the actual value.)

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表 1 白龙潭和蝙蝠洞岩溶泉水详细特征一览表^[17]

Table 1. Characteristics of karst spring water from Bailong pool and Bianfu cave in the Kunming basin^[17]

泉水名称	主要含水层		入渗系数	泉域面积	年均流量 /L·s⁻¹	补给、径流区环境特征
泉水名称	地层代号	岩性	入渗系数	泉域面积	年均流量 /L·s⁻¹	补给、径流区环境特征
蛇山白龙潭泉	D₃zg、C₁d²、 C₂w、P₁y	灰岩、白云质灰岩	0.363	3.01	101.45	降水入渗补给为泉水唯一补给来源，补给区为蛇山南部碳酸盐岩分布区，多年来以荒山为主，局部有少量旱地，植被稀疏，以人工林为主，石漠化严重，人类工程活动弱
西山蝙蝠洞泉	D₃zg、C₁d²、 C₂w、P₁y	灰岩、白云质灰岩	0.436	3.75	64.01	降水入渗补给为泉水唯一补给来源，补给区主要为西山风景区，植被发育，以次生林为主，多年来以自然状态为主，人类工程活动弱

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表 2 岩溶泉水中HCO⁻浓度及碳汇强度变化情况一览表

Table 2. Variations of HCO⁻ concentration and carbon sink intensity in karst spring water

对比类别划分		年份							整体变幅
		1982－1991年	1992－2001年		2002－2011年		2012－2021年
		数值	数值	变幅	数值	变幅	数值	变幅
HCO⁻浓度 /mg·L⁻¹	白龙潭	170.48	170.51	0.02	174.32	2.23	199.38	14.38	17.0
	蝙蝠洞	177.11	177.98	0.49	179.41	0.80	190.62	6.25	7.6
	平均变幅	0	0.26		1.52		10.3		12.3
碳汇强度 /t·km⁻²·a⁻¹	白龙潭	21.19	23.73	11.97	20.25	−14.66	26.54	31.07	25.24
	蝙蝠洞	26.44	29.75	12.50	25.03	−15.86	30.48	21.76	15.26
	平均变幅	0	12.24		−15.26		26.41		20.25
大气CO₂浓度/(×10⁻⁶)		348.62	363.43	4.25	382.64	5.29	404.35	5.67	15.99
降水/mm		949.5	1063	11.95	887.3	−16.53	1016.8	14.59	7.09
气温/ ℃		14.79	15.67	0.88	16.13	0.46	16.16	0.03	1.37
注：气温变幅为 ℃，其它参数变化均为%。 Note: The temperature range is in ℃, while changes in all other parameters are expressed as percentages.

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