Characteristics of groundwater system and assessment of groundwater vulnerability of the Tengchong volcano group in western Yunnan
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摘要: 腾冲火山群面积广、喷发类型齐全，是中国最年轻的火山区之一，研究其地下水系统特征是进行污染机制分析与评价的基础。文章从地质结构、水文地质特征入手，归纳总结研究区地下水系统、含水层流动特征，采用单因子分析法对所采集的39组水样进行分析，采用DRASTIC模型，对研究区进行地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明：研究区为石头山北东侧山间谷地、南底河沟谷、明朗河河谷形成的河间地块，主要接受花岗岩裂隙水、风化裂隙水以及断裂构造带裂隙水的入渗补给，最终排泄于坝派大泉；系统结构为成因及性质差异明显的含、隔水层（带）交互多层结构与断裂、断块和裂隙储水构造叠加形成的空间组合结构，复杂性突出。研究区内低脆弱性地区、中等脆弱性地区、高脆弱性地区的占比分别为3.6%、42.1%、54.3%，表明研究区地下水脆弱性整体偏高，水质相对较差的为Ⅲ、Ⅳ的水样点多分布在脆弱性中等与较高区域，表明地下水脆弱性评价结果基本可靠。Abstract:
The Tengchong volcanic group encompasses a vast area and exhibits a diverse range of eruption types. It is one of the youngest volcanic areas in China. Studying the characteristics of its groundwater system is the basis for analysis and evaluation of pollution mechanisms. Ma'anshan exhibits typical genetic and morphological characteristics in the Tengchong volcanic group. The volcanic cones and craters of Ma'anshan are relatively complete. Because the lava flows exhibit no weathered layers, Ma'anshan retains the geomorphological characteristics of the volcanos with the most recent eruption. It is dated at the Late Pleistocene or Holocene. The boundary of the groundwater system is relatively clear. Starting with the geological structure and hydrogeological characteristics of Ma'anshan area, this paper summarized the boundary characteristics of groundwater system, aquifer system characteristics, aquifer flow characteristics, and characteristics of groundwater recharge and drainage in the study area. The single factor analysis was conducted to evaluate 39 groups of water samples collected. Combined with on-site investigations, pollution sources, pollution mechanisms were explored and the groundwater vulnerability of the study area was evaluated through DRASTIC model. The results show as follows. (1) The Ma'anshan area is located in the groundwater system of Bapaidaquan, bounded by the Shitoushan underground watershed at the northeast, by the groundwater barrier on the right bank of the Nandi river at the southeast, and by the recharge boundary of the Minglang river valley at the west. The Ma'anshan area constitutes an inter-river landmass composed of the Minglang river, the Nandi river, and north-east oriented catchment valley, and mainly receives infiltration and recharge from granite fissure water, weathered fissure water and fissure water from fractured structural zones. (2) Under the strong tectonic movement and volcanic eruption, the groundwater system exhibits a complex structure and changeable hydrodynamic properties. The water-collecting chambers formed by pumice aggregates, breccia, and volcanic bomb fragments in the volcanic lava accumulation, and the lava fissures connected between them, are evenly distributed in space. Each water collecting chamber is also hydraulically connected under the communication of fractures or pores. Showing obvious characteristics with layered structures, the aquifers of the mountains in the study area are all exposed in the alluvial and pluvial layers underlying the volcanic accumulations, which supports the multi-layer interactive structural characteristics of water from lava pores and from alluvial and pluvial layers. (3) Groundwater in the study area forms pipe-type runoff along faults and continuous lava channels, and forms strands of runoff in the loose accumulations along lava fissures, volcanic bombs and volcanic breccia of varying sizes and in macropores of alluvial and pluvial gravel layers. Then, runoff converges in the lava fissure zone on the gentle slope of the mountain on the east side of the Minglang river valley and in the ancient river channel at the valley edge, and is finally discharged into the Bapai spring. (4) Areas where the water quality exceeds permitted levels are mainly distributed in industrial parks, solid waste landfills and agricultural living areas. In industrial parks, the water quality exceeds permitted levels mainly due to excessive heavy metal elements. In solid waste landfills and agricultural living areas, water contains excessive pH values. According to the characteristics of pollution sources, structure and water-containing media, aquifer anti-fouling performance, and conversion process between surface water and groundwater, there are two main types of groundwater pollution mechanisms in the study area: trans-flow infiltration and direct infiltration. (5) The proportions of low-vulnerability areas, medium-vulnerability areas, and high-vulnerability areas in the study area are 3.6%, 42.1%, and 54.3% respectively. The high-vulnerability areas are mainly distributed in the lower reaches of the Minglang river, Ganzhezhai–Hehua–Bapai and other areas with more water resources. The depth of the groundwater level in this area is small, and the water-bearing medium is uneven. The recharge of groundwater can be directly infiltrated through pipes and trough fissures. The adsorption effect of volcanic ash and alluvial mud filled or accumulated in the air-bearing zone is approximate to be missing. Because industrial enterprises are also concentrated here, the background values of heavy metals and harmful metals in groundwater are high. Aquifers are highly sensitive to pollutants or human activities, and are, therefore, highly vulnerable. The water samples with relatively poor water quality of Class III and Class IV are mostly distributed in the areas with medium-and-high-vulnerability, indicating that the results of groundwater vulnerability assessment are basically reliable. -
图 2 研究区地下水系统含水介质结构示意图
1.火山角砾集水腔室 ⒉不充水火山角砾 3.充水熔岩裂隙 4.地下水水位 5.推测岩性分界线 6.安山岩、安山玄武岩 7.冲洪积层砂、砾石夹亚黏土 8.花岗岩
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of aquifer medium structures of the groundwater system in the study area
1. water-collecting chamber of volcanic breccia 2. volcanic breccia not filled with water 3. water-filled lava fissure 4. groundwater level 5. estimated lithological boundary line 6. andesite and andesite basalt 7. alluvial and pluvial gravel 8. granite
图 3 研究区北侧火山角砾与安山岩调查基本现状
Figure 3. Basic status of investigation of volcanic breccia and andesite in the north of the study area
图 6 马鞍山地下水径流系统垂向分带图
Figure 6. Vertical zoning map of groundwater runoff system in Ma'anshan
图 7 研究区地下水流场示意图
1.推测等水位线及水位标高 2.地下水流线 3.地名 4.研究区范围 5.泉点及流量 6.泉群及流量 7.钻孔编号
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of groundwater flow field in the study area
1. estimated water level line and water level elevation 2. groundwater flow line 3. place name 4. scope of the study area 5. spring point and flow 6. spring group and flow 7. borehole numbering
图 8 马鞍山地下水系统污染机制示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of pollution mechanism of groundwater system in Ma'anshan
图 9 马鞍山地下水系统脆弱性分区图
Figure 9. Zoning map of the vulnerability of Ma'anshan groundwater system
表 1 研究区不同类型裂隙水径流特征
Table 1. Runoff characteristics of different types of fissure water in the study area
序号 裂隙水类型 径流特征 1 基岩裂隙水 分布于明朗河谷地西侧、石头山东侧的带状花岗岩山体内，分别以网状风化裂隙和带状构造裂隙形式富集地下水、沿坡脚或河流切割部位呈散流状或带状出露 2 松散岩类孔隙水 以潜水形式向山体四周径流，进入熔岩堆积层转换为熔岩孔洞裂隙水，或短径流排入山谷 3 火山岩类孔洞裂隙水 多在河流切穿含水层部位集中溢出形成下降泉，或深循环的地下水沿断裂带露头、上覆盖层薄弱部位上升溢出，形成温泉及热泉 
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表 2 单因子评价法评价结果（表长而单调，结果相同的水样归纳一下，如SY1-SY6，Ⅰ）
Table 2. Results of single factor evaluation (summary of water samples with the same results)
样品编号 pH 六价铬(Cr6+) 砷(As) 汞(Hg) 铜(Cu) 锌(Zn) 镉(Cd) 铅(Pb) 镍(Ni) 水质评价 备注 SY1—SY6 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 地下水 SY7—SY9 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 地表水 SY10 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ SY11—SY12 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY18 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ SY20 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY13 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 地下水 SY14 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ SY15 Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY16—SY17 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY19 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY21 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY36 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ 地表水 SY22 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY23 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY24 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅲ SY25 Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY26 Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY32 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY35 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY37 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ SY27 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 地下水 SY28 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY29 Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ SY30— SY31 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY33—SY34 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY38 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ SY39 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ
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表 3 DRASTIC模型各指标说明和权重值
Table 3. Description and weight value of each index of DRASTIC model
指标 数据来源 单位 权重 地下水位埋深（D） 现有水文地质资料收集 m 5 垂向净补给（R） 收集当地多年平均降雨量乘以降雨入渗系数 mm∙a−1 4 含水层介质类型（A） 收集已有钻孔及区域水文地质资料进行综合分析 m 3 土壤介质（S） 综合收集地质资料、水文地质资料结合经验初步分析不同岩性全风化呈土壤后的类型 2 地形坡度（T） 10 m精度地形DEM提取 ‰ 1 包气带介质类型（I） 根据收集区域勘察资料、已有水文地质资料，综合分析进行统计 5 含水层渗透系数（C） 根据水文地质普查资料的抽水试验结合经验值进行取值 m∙d−1 3
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表 4 脆弱性评估各指标等级划分和赋值
Table 4. Grading and assignment of indicators for vulnerability assessment
指标 评分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D ＞300 (250,300] (200,250] (150,200] (125,150] (100,125] (75,100] (50,75] (25,50] （0,25] R 0 (0,51] (51,71] (72,117] (117,147] (147,178] (178,216] (216,235] (216,235] ＞235 A 块状页岩、黏土 裂隙发育非常轻微变质岩或火成岩、亚黏土 裂隙中等发育变质岩或火成岩、亚砂土 风化变质岩或火成岩、粉砂 裂隙非常发育变质岩或火成岩、细粉砂 块状砂岩、细砂 层状砂岩、页岩序列、中砂 砂砾岩、
粗砂玄武岩、
砂砾石卵砾石 S 非涨缩和非凝聚性黏土 粘质壤土 粉质壤土 壤土 砂质壤土 膨胀或凝聚性黏土 粉砂、细沙 砾石、中砂、粗砂 卵砾石 缺失 T ＞10 （9,10] （8,9] （7,8] （6,7] （5,6] （4,5] （3,4] （2,3] ≤2 I 黏土 亚黏土 亚砂土 粉砂 粉细砂 细砂 中砂 粗砂 砂砾石 卵砾石 C ≤4 （4,12] （12,20] （20,30] （30,35] （35,40] （40,60] （60,80] （80,100] ＞100
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表 5 地下水脆弱性评价结果等级划分表
Table 5. Grading of assessment results of the groundwater vulnerability
地下水脆弱性综合指数值DI ≤70 （70,100] （100,120] （120,150] ＞150 地下水脆弱性级别 低 较低 中等 较高 高
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