云南高原岩溶环境地质问题及修复治理难度分析

张华; 彭淑惠; 王宇; 王波; 高瑜; 李芹

doi:10.11932/karst20240602

云南高原岩溶环境地质问题及修复治理难度分析

doi: 10.11932/karst20240602

张华^{1, 2, 3,},
彭淑惠^{1, 2, 3},
王宇^{1, 2, 4, ,},
王波^{1, 2, 3},
高瑜^{1, 2, 3},
李芹^{1, 2, 3}

1.
自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室, 云南昆明 650216
2.
云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室(筹), 云南昆明 650216
3.
云南省地质环境监测院, 云南昆明 650216
4.
云南省地质调查局, 云南昆明 650051

基金项目: 国家重大研发计划项目课题（2016YFC0502502）；自然资源部岩溶生态系统与石漠化治理重点实验室开放基金专项(KDL202101)

详细信息

作者简介:
张华（1982－），男，高级工程师，主要从事水工环地质及生态地质研究。E-mail：ynddysghs.zhh@163.com

通讯作者:
王宇（1960－），男，博士，教授级高级工程师，主要从事水工环、灾害及生态地质研究。E-mail：ynddywy@163.com。

中图分类号: P642.25；X14
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- 文章访问数: 296
- HTML浏览量: 100
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-01
- 录用日期: 2024-09-13
- 修回日期: 2024-08-14
- 网络出版日期: 2025-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-12-25

Analysis of geological problems and difficulties in restoration and treatment of karst environment on the Yunnan plateau

ZHANG Hua^{1, 2, 3
,},
PENG Shuhui^{1, 2, 3},
WANG Yu^{1, 2, 4
, ,},
WANG Bo^{1, 2, 3},
GAO Yu^{1, 2, 3},
LI Qin^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, MNR, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
2.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
3.
Yunnan Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
4.
Yunnan Geological Survey, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China

摘要

摘要: 云南高原岩溶区海拔高，地形地貌丰富多样，气象与水文条件多变，内外动力地质作用强烈，加之人类活动强烈，地质环境受到不合理的开发和改造，产生了诸多与自然资源及环境密切关联的岩溶环境地质问题。主要有石漠化、内涝及干旱、地下水污染、泉水疏干、湿地生态环境恶化、岩溶地质灾害等。由高原岩溶区地质环境的脆弱性、复杂性所决定，各类环境地质问题修复治理难度大，修复治理的成效参差不齐，主要原因可归纳为岩溶地质环境问题产生的自然与社会因素复杂多变，自然资源承载力较低，地质环境容量有限，生存发展与环境保护协调困难，岩溶环境地质问题修复治理对经济和技术要求高等。文章针对各种岩溶环境地质问题，深入分析修复治理的具体难点和原因，并研究提出了解决问题的对策建议，从而为生态保护和修复提供了解决问题的方向和科学依据。
- 生态环境 /
- 石漠化 /
- 水污染 /
- 湿地退化 /
- 地质灾害
Abstract: The karst region of the Yunnan plateau is characterized by high altitudes, diverse landforms, variable meteorological and hydrological conditions, and strong internal and external dynamic geological processes. Additionally, the rapid increase in human activities and the detrimental effects of unsustainable development have resulted in many issues on karst environmental geology closely related to natural resources and the environment. The main issues are rocky desertification, waterlogging and drought, groundwater pollution, spring drainage, deterioration of wetland ecological environment, and karst geological disasters.According to the data on relevant remote sensing surveys, the total area of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province in 2020 reached 24,800 km², accounting for 26.41% of the karst area. Among them, the area of severe rocky desertification accounted for 69.46%, 20.72% for moderate rocky desertification, and 9.82% for mild rocky desertification. Rocky desertification is contiguously distributed in the karst mountainous areas of eastern and southeastern Yunnan, and in karst regions of western Yunnan, it is mostly distributed in sheets and bands. The severe rocky desertification area is mainly concentrated in the middle-height mountains, high-height mountains and valleys of the plateau karst. The distribution of waterlogging and drought in the karst region of the plateau shows obvious local characteristics. Drought disasters mainly occur in the mountainous and hilly areas with higher terrain, while waterlogging occurs more often in the valleys, basins and depressions among the mountains with lower terrain. There are 2,658,400 acres of arable land susceptible to waterlogging in karst regions of the Yunnan plateau. The degree of groundwater pollution varies greatly due to different types of groundwater, pollution protection properties and pollution sources. Generally, pore water is the most polluted with the lowest water quality. Medium to heavy pollution is mainly distributed in the middle of the basin, and the elements exceeding the permitted level mainly include nitrite, ammonia nitrogen, iron, manganese, etc. The heavily polluted areas include Kunming, Qujing, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, Gejiu and other places, mostly rated as serious or most serious pollution areas. The drainage of spring water in karst stone mountains typically results in a decline of regional groundwater levels. This decrease mainly occurs in basin areas, mining areas and the vicinity of engineering tunnel excavation, which is mainly caused by human engineering activities such as tunnel excavation, mine drainage and over-exploitation of groundwater. The wetland of the Yunnan plateau is mainly distributed in the lakeside. Due to the combined effects of ecological changes and human activities, the temporal and spatial distribution of water sources and the water cycle processes have been altered. The wetland area is shrinking, and its ecological service functions are increasingly degraded or even lost, resulting in a series of ecological and environmental geological problems. Karst geological disasters on the plateau primarily consist of karst collapses, which are mainly found in karst fault basins, trough valleys and platform areas. These collapses are mainly the result of external forces such as rainfall and earthquakes.Due to the fragility and complexity of the geological environment in karst regions of the plateau, addressing and managing various environmental geological issues is challenging, and the outcomes of restoration and control efforts are inconsistent. The main reasons can be summarized as the complex and changeable natural and social factors, resulting from issues related to the karst geological environment, the low carrying capacity of natural resources, the limited capacity of the geological environment, and the challenges in balancing survival, development and environmental protection. The economic and technical requirements for the restoration and treatment of karst environmental geological issues are increasingly demanding. Guided by the theories of hydrogeology, environmental geology and ecology, and based on a large number of detailed investigation data, this study systematically summarizes and analyzes the issues on karst environmental geology such as rocky desertification, waterlogging and drought, groundwater pollution, spring water drainage, deterioration of the wetland ecological environment, and karst geological disasters on the Yunnan plateau as well as the difficulties and causes of restoration and control of these disasters. The countermeasures and suggestions to address these issues have been put forward, which can provide the orientation and scientific basis for ecological protection and restoration.
- ecological environment /
- rocky desertification /
- water pollution /
- wetland degradation /
- geological disaster

HTML

图 1 云南省石漠化分布图

Figure 1. Distribution of rocky desertification in Yunnan Province

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图 2 2010年5月13日云南旱情实况图

Figure 2. Drought situation in Yunnan on May 13, 2010

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图 3 蒙自黑龙潭暗河环境水文地质图

Figure 3. Environmental hydrogeological map of Heilongtan underground river, Mengzi

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 泛亚铁路玉溪—蒙自线通海段隧道开挖疏干小回村泉水文地质剖面图

Figure 4. Hydrogeological profile of Xiaohuicun spring during tunnel excavation of Tonghai section of Yuxi-Mengzi line of Trans-Asian Railway

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 滇池45年水域变化图

Figure 5. Variation of the water area of Dianchi lake in the past 45 years

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 近20年云南石漠化面积变化

Table 1. Changes of rocky desertification area in Yunnan Province in recent 20 years

石漠化等级	石漠化面积/hm²
石漠化等级	2000年	2010年	2020年
轻度石漠化	3849.05	4402.55	2438.54
中度石漠化	5644.20	4976.98	5140.92
重度石漠化	27458.00	24354.24	17242.36
合计	36951.25	33733.77	24821.82

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表 2 云南高原典型岩溶区气象水文特征

Table 2. Meteorological and hydrological characteristics of typical karst regions in the Yunnan plateau

地貌类型	代表县 (市)	高程 /m	降雨量 /mm	蒸发量 /mm	日照时数 /h	径流深 /mm	入渗系数	地下水径流模数 /L·s⁻¹·km⁻²
岩溶中山高山	丽江市	2360	970.7	1799.3	2405.3	200	0.42	13.44
岩溶断陷盆地	昆明市	1886	1011	1867.7	2197	150	0.37	13.18
岩溶丘峰槽谷	罗平县	1450	1743.9	1020.6	1685.8	100	0.42	10.97
岩溶峰洼谷地	丘北县	1500	1162	1298.9	1898.3	80	0.20	11.64

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表 3 云南高原典型岩溶区石漠化治理预期效果综合评价结果

Table 3. Comprehensive evaluation results of expected effects of rocky desertification control in typical karst regions of the Yunnan plateau

代表县（市）	高程/m	降雨量/mm	蒸发量/mm	日照时数/h	径流深/mm	入渗系数	地下水径流模数/L·s⁻¹·km⁻²	综合评分
丽江市	0	0	0.08	0	0	0	1	0.145
昆明市	0.52	0.05	0	0.29	0.74	0.23	0.89	0.390
罗平县	1	1	1	1	0.52	0	0	0.671
丘北县	0.95	0.25	0.67	0.7	0.22	1	0.27	0.590
各指标权重	0.163	0.129	0.149	0.154	0.144	0.127	0.133	−

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