甑皮岩洞穴空气环境因子变化及其对遗址文化层的影响

张鹏; 郭芳; 姜光辉; 刘凡; 荆宝坤

doi:10.11932/karst20240502

甑皮岩洞穴空气环境因子变化及其对遗址文化层的影响

doi: 10.11932/karst20240502

张鹏^{1, 2,},
郭芳^2, ,,
姜光辉³,
刘凡²,
荆宝坤²

1.
湖南省地质灾害调查监测所，湖南长沙 410004
2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004
3.
广西大学土木建筑工程学院, 广西南宁 530004

基金项目: 广西重点研发计划项目（桂科AB24010054）；国家自然科学基金（42272303；42172287）；桂林岩溶地质广西野外科学观测研究站（科研能力建设）（桂科23-026-274）

详细信息

作者简介:
张鹏（1998－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩溶洞穴环境和遗址保护的研究。E-mail：1019948337@qq.com

通讯作者:
郭芳（1978－），女，博士，研究员，主要从事岩溶水文地质的研究。E-mail：gfkarst@126.com。

中图分类号: P642.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-01
- 录用日期: 2024-06-05
- 修回日期: 2024-05-30
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-25

Changes of air environmental factors in Zengpiyan cave site and its influence on the cultural layers

ZHANG Peng^{1, 2
,},
GUO Fang^{2
, ,},
JIANG Guanghui³,
LIU Fan²,
JING Baokun²

1.
Hunan Province Geological Disaster Survey and Monitoring Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China

摘要

摘要: 甑皮岩古人类遗址洞穴内原始文化层的保存是遗址保护的重中之重。为了解洞内空气环境因子变化及其对遗址文化层风化的影响，选择洞穴温度、湿度以及二氧化碳（CO₂）等环境因子进行为期一个水文年的观测。结果发现洞内空气环境因子随季节呈现三个阶段的变化：冬季温湿度低，变幅大，洞底CO₂不累积；夏季温湿度高，变幅小且稳定，CO₂在洞底累积；春秋为两者过渡阶段。空间上，温湿度随着洞穴深度的变化而呈现渐进式变化。CO₂在洞穴东部有着高浓度带状的分布区域，表明水洞是主洞CO₂的重要来源。综合分析认为通风效应、洞穴形态、旅游活动等是影响洞穴空气环境变化的重要因素。观察并结合X射线衍射分析发现，近洞口、水洞连接处、洞穴中段、洞底以及探方上下部等各处文化层之间，有明显的风化程度差异，与空气环境因子的时空变化有关。如洞底探方上部文化层溶蚀空洞较多，主要是由于水蒸气在上部堆积，易凝结溶蚀并带走文化层易溶组分；洞口文化层胶结物松散粉化，与洞口空气温度变幅较大、干湿交替频繁有关。本研究掌握了具有浅平开阔洞口特征的甑皮岩遗址主要环境因子的时空变化，探讨了可能的影响因素和对文化层风化的影响，为洞穴遗址更好的保护和利用提供了科学依据。
- 洞穴遗址 /
- 空气环境 /
- 文化层风化 /
- CO₂ /
- 甑皮岩
Abstract: The Zengpiyan cave site is a significant Neolithic cave site in Southern China, yielding complete human skeletal fossils as well as artifacts related to the diet and tools of ancient human inhabitants. This cave site provides essential evidence for understanding human activities in Southern China between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago. The cave system at the site consists of three distinct areas: the main cave, the water cave, and the low cave. The main cave retains an intact original cultural layer, featuring clear stratigraphic sequences. Cultural layers, representing the area where artifacts are preserved within the cave site, embody the most important cultural content of the site. Previous research on karst caves has shown that temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations inside the cave exhibit markedly different temporal and spatial variations compared to the outside environment. These factors influence the formation and degradation of carbonate deposits such as stalactites.To understand the temporal and spatial variations of air environmental factors within the Zengpiyan cave site and their influence on the weathering of cultural layers, this study acts as a crucial supplement and extension to the environmental research on the Zengpiyan cave site, with a particular emphasis on the microenvironment of the cultural layers of the cave. The study specifically examines environmental factors such as cave temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentrations. A hydrological year-long observation was conducted in Zengpiyan cave with the use of various air monitoring devices, along with the sampling and analysis of cultural layer deposits from different excavation units.The results reveal that the air environmental factors inside the cave exhibit three distinct seasonal stages: in winter, both temperature and humidity are low with large fluctuations, and CO₂ does not accumulate at the cave floor. In contrast, summer, brings high temperature and humidity with small and stable variations, resulting in CO₂ accumulation at the cave floor. Spring and autumn serve as transitional phases between winter and summer. Spatially, temperature and humidity show a gradual variation with the increase of cave depth. CO₂ concentrations exhibited a banded distribution with high-concentrations in the eastern section of the cave, suggesting that the water cave plays a significantly role in evevating the CO₂ levels within the main cave. The primary source of CO₂ in the cave is the overlying soil, with rainfall events identified as critical triggers for peak CO₂ levels within the cave. A comprehensive analysis suggests that ventilation effects are the main factors influencing the temporal and spatial variations of air within the cave. Additionally, cave morphology and tourism activities are also recognized as significant contributors to the air environment within the cave. Observing and combining X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that there are significant differences in the degree of weathering of cultural layers near the entrance of the cave, water cave connections, cave middle sections, cave bottoms, and the upper and lower parts of the exploration area, which are related to the spatiotemporal changes of air environmental factors. For example, there are more dissolution cavities in the upper cultural layer at the cave floor, mainly due to the accumulation of water vapor in the upper part, which condenses and dissolves, transporting easily soluble components away from the cultural layer. In contrast, the cultural layer at the cave entrance is characterized by loose and powdery cementation, which is associated with the significant temperature fluctuations and frequent cycles of drying and wetting at the entrance.This study has documented the temporal and spatial variations of the main air environmental factors at the Zengpiyan cave site, which is characterized by a shallow, wide-open entrance. It has also explored the potential influencing factors and their impact on the weathering of cultural layers. These findings provide a scientific basis for the improved preservation and utilization of cave sites.
- cave sites /
- air environment /
- weathering of cultural layer /
- CO₂ /
- Zengpiyan

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图 1 （a）洞穴遗址平面图（改自覃政教等，2011）,（b）甑皮岩遗址的地理位置,（c）A—A′洞穴遗址剖面图

Figure 1. (a) Cave site plan (Adapted from Qin Zhengjiao et al., 2011), (b) Geographical location of Zengpiyan cave site, (c) Cross-section of the cave site A-A′

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图 2 洞内CO₂随时间（四季）变化曲线

Figure 2. Variation curve of CO₂ within the cave with the change of four seasons

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图 3 洞内相对湿度随时间（四季）变化曲线

Figure 3. Variation curve of relative humidity within the cave with the change of four seasons

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图 4 洞内温度（a）、露点（b）随时间（四季）变化曲线

Figure 4. Variation curves of temperature (a) and dew point (b) within the cave with the change of four seasons

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图 5 2023年6月30日至7月9日甑皮岩遗址洞穴内外空气环境因子变化趋势对比

Figure 5. Comparative analysis of variations in air environmental factors inside and outside the Zengpiyan cave site from June 30 to July 9, 2023

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图 6 温度、湿度、二氧化碳（CO₂）年平均值插值结果图

Figure 6. Interpolated annual averages of temperature, humidity and CO₂ levels

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图 7 各探方上下部的T、RH和CO₂均值对比图

Figure 7. Comparison of mean values of T, RH, and CO₂ between the top and bottom surfaces of each exploration unit

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图 8 甑皮岩遗址洞穴通风模式一（a）、通风模式二（b）示意图

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of ventilation mode 1 (a) and ventilation mode 2 (b) of Zengpiyan cave site

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图 9 4月5日洞穴环境因子观测结果插值图

Figure 9. Interpolations of measured results of cave environmental factors on April 5

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图 10 6月16日洞穴环境因子观测结果插值图

Figure 10. Interpolations of measured results of cave environmental factors on June 16

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图 11 文化层各探方上下部矿相成分XRD分析图

Figure 11. XRD analysis diagram of mineral phase composition in the upper and lower parts of each exploratory unit of the cultural layer

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图 12 文化层的主要风化状态

左：DT6探方疏松多孔上部文化层中：DT6探方致密紧实下部文化层右：近洞口文化层文物干裂

Figure 12. Principal weathering conditions of the cultural layer

Left: the loose and porous upper cultural layer of DT6; Middle: the compact lower cultural layer of DT6; Right: the relic drying splits in the cultural layer near the cave entrance

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表 1 测点简介表

Table 1. Introduction of monitoring points

分类	编号	位置	探方深/m	洞口距离/m	洞穴形态、沉积物、环境
近洞口	①	BT1	0.2	4.5	高且宽阔的洞口，回填砂土以及暴露在外松散的原始堆积，长期有照明设施
水洞连接	②	BT3	1.5~1.8	6.8	主洞与水洞连接通道，洞顶发育有较多鹅管，雨季有长期滴水
洞穴中段	③	BT2	1.3~1.6	8.5	洞穴高度和宽度都有所收缩，东侧洞壁发育有较多钟乳石，雨季有滴水
洞穴中段	④	DT4	0.2	9.5	较宽阔洞穴中部，近矮洞有小型凹槽，回填砂土覆盖
洞底	⑤	DT6	2.68	13.1	近水洞深坑，堆积潮湿黏土，坑底雨季蓄水淹没文化层
洞底	⑥	DT5	1.97~2.47	13.9	有较狭窄向内凹槽，原始堆积，雨季滴水汇聚成水流流经
其他	⑦	洞口外	\		洞口外开阔地，自然堆积
	⑧	水洞	\		小洞口洞厅，外部有钙华，内部松软水池底泥，洞内存在地下河，降雨期有大量滴水
	▲	连续监测		15.9	狭窄洞底，存在未挖掘的原始堆积，雨季有滴水
备注：①测试点为近洞口BT1探方测试点；②测点为水洞连接BT3探方测点；③、④测点为洞穴中段BT2、DT4探方测点；⑤、⑥测点为洞底DT6、DT5探方测点；⑦为洞口外测点；⑧为水洞测点。 Note: ① measuring point of BT1 near the entrance of the cave; ② measuring point that connects water cave with measuring point of BT3 ; ③ and ④ measuing points of BT2 and DT4 in the middle of the cave; ⑤ and ⑥ measuring points of DT6 and DT5 at the cave floor; ⑦ measuring point outside the cave; ⑧ measuring point of the water cave.

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表 2 洞穴温度、湿度和CO₂观测结果统计表

Table 2. Statistics of observations on cave temperature, humidity, and CO₂ levels

	指标/单位	①	②	③	④	⑤	⑥	⑦	⑧
年平均值	T/ ℃	22.6	22.2	21.7	21.4	21.1	21.2	22.8	22.0
	RH/％	73.6	74.2	77.5	75.0	81.7	78.0	72.6	83.1
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	509	633	575	469	583	520	429	1 042
年最大值	T/ ℃	29.3	28.0	27.8	27.9	27.5	27.4	30.7	27.9
	RH/％	93.7	91.1	92.7	94.6	94.5	94.3	95.3	99.5
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	617	1 097	1 264	519	787	642	456	2 789
年最小值	T/ ℃	13.7	12.7	12.1	11.5	11.8	11.5	8.0	15.6
	RH/％	45.2	50.4	46.8	44.3	57.2	46.7	46.3	55.6
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	410	419	421	415	478	471	394	448
年变幅	T/ ℃	15.6	15.3	15.7	16.4	15.7	15.9	22.7	12.3
	RH/％	48.5	40.7	45.9	50.3	37.3	47.6	49.0	43.9
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	207	678	843	104	309	171	62	2 341
观测次数	N	11	11	11	11	11	11	11	10

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表 3 T、RH、CO₂垂直分布变化表

Table 3. Vertical distributions of T, RH and CO₂

位置		BT3（②）		BT2（③）		DT5（⑥）		DT6（⑤）
位置		上部	下部	上部	下部	上部	下部	上部	下部
顶底高差/m		1.80		1.60		1.97		2.68
7月29日	T/ ℃	27.0	27.9	28.1	27.8	27.5	27.4	27.1	27.5
	RH/%	86.1	82.1	82.9	84.7	83.8	82.6	87.2	81.1
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	530	730	493	562	529	568	592	787
8月25日	T/ ℃	26.1	27.2	26.4	26.7	25.9	26.0	25.8	25.7
	RH/%	94.3	91.1	93.9	92.7	93.0	94.3	96.3	94.5
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	861	1 097	896	1 264	658	642	605	786
9月26日	T/ ℃	26.1	26.6	26.7	26.5	26.4	26.7	25.9	26.2
	RH/%	86.4	83.9	86.0	88.0	85.5	85.3	89.1	87.7
	CO₂/×10⁻⁶	645	788	552	612	457	556	464	711

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