Response characteristics of groundwater level dynamics to precipitation based on continuous wavelet-cross correlation analysis: A case study of the Guiyang karst basin
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摘要: 为探究降雨影响下的岩溶盆地地下水位动态的时空变化，选取2007－2021年贵阳岩溶盆地7个地下水位动态观测点不同时段观测资料以及降雨数据，采用小波分析及互相关分析对贵阳岩溶盆地地下水位动态的多时间尺度特征及其对降雨的响应进行分析。结果表明：（1）贵阳岩溶盆地地下水水位动态存在显著的256~512 d的主振荡周期。（2）贵阳岩溶盆地地下水位动态对降雨的响应滞后性明显，总体表现为地下水径流路径越长，地下水水位对降雨的响应越滞后。其中径流-排泄区地下水水位对降雨的滞后时间为2.66~7.7 d，排泄区的滞后时间为1.25~8.04 d。研究区内两个地下水系统的区域水文地质条件不同，因此南北两个地下水系统对降雨响应的滞后性存在差异。南部地下水系统从径流-排泄区至排泄区地下水对降雨的响应滞后性逐渐增强。北部地下水系统，径流－排泄区域受上游远距离降水补给的影响，地下水位变化较多源补给的排泄区更为滞后。Abstract:
Precipitation is the main source of water supply for most groundwater systems; therefore, its spatiotemporal distributions will, to some extent, determine the dynamic characteristics of groundwater levels. Hence, conducting research on groundwater level dynamics is of great significance for the sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources, regulation and management of surface–groundwater resources, and determination of floating resistance and anti-floating water levels in engineering construction. The Guiyang karst basin is located within the construction scope of the main urban area of Guiyang City. In order to further understand the nonlinear process of groundwater level dynamics in the karst basin area, and help improve the management of groundwater resources in this area, we collected the observation data and precipitation data of seven observation points of groundwater levels in the Guiyang karst basin in different periods from 2007 to 2021. Besides, to analyze the groundwater level dynamics on different time scales and the response of the dynamics to precipitation in the Guiyang karst basin, we adopted the continuous wavelet analysis that can quantitatively judge the periodicity of precipitation and groundwater levels, and the correlation analysis that can quantitatively calculate the lag relationship between groundwater and precipitation. The results show as follows. (1) According to the groundwater level data from monitoring holes in the study area, the water level variations of the monitoring holes located inside the Guiyang karst basin is relatively small, with a maximum annual water level variations of about 2–7 m, because this basin, featuring relatively flat terrain, is a discharge area of the groundwater system. The edge of the Guiyang karst basin is controlled by the terrain and topography, with significant undulations. The water levels of monitoring holes located at the edge of the basin vary greatly, with the maximum variations of water level about 10–20 m over the years. In terms of the continuous wavelet transform analysis of the response characteristics of groundwater levels to precipitation in the study area, it can be concluded that the main oscillation period of precipitation is 256–512 days, which passed 95% of the red noise tests from January 2008 to January 2017, indicating significant periodic characteristics. Due to the influence of hydrogeological conditions and human activities around monitoring holes, the oscillation periods of different observation points varied. However, the groundwater level dynamics in the Guiyang karst basin were significantly controlled by precipitation, showing discontinuous and short oscillation periods in high-frequency areas, with an overall main oscillation period of 256 to 512 days. (2) In the study area, there is a significant time lag between groundwater level variation and precipitation. That is, the longer a groundwater runoff distance is, the more hysteretic the response of groundwater level to precipitation becomes. The groundwater level variation in the runoff–discharge area lags behind precipitation by 2.66–7.7 days, by 1.25–8.04 days in the discharge area. Because the regional hydrogeological conditions of the two groundwater systems in the study area are different, the responses of the two groundwater systems in the north and south to precipitation are also different. In the southern groundwater system, the time lag of the response of groundwater level variations to precipitation gradually increases from the runoff–discharge area to the discharge area. In the northern groundwater system, due to the effect of the long-distance precipitation recharge from upstream, the groundwater level of runoff–discharge area changes more slowly than that of discharge area with multiple sources of recharge. -
Key words:
- wavelet analysis /
- cross correlation analysis /
- groundwater level dynamics /
- karst basin
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图 1 贵阳盆地区域水文地质图及地下水位动态观测点分布图
Figure 1. Regional hydrogeological and distribution map of observation points of groundwater level dynamics in Guiyang basin
图 2 各监测点地下水水位动态及降雨量图
Figure 2. Groundwater level dynamics at each observation point and precipitation map
图 5 地下水位与降雨互相关分析
Figure 5. Correlation analysis between groundwater levels and rainfall
表 1 研究区地下水位动态监测时段及频率统计
Table 1. Monitoring period and frequency statistics of groundwater level dynamics in the study area
序号 5日监测时段/年.月.日 逐日监测时段/年.月.日 ZK1 2007.1.5 －2017.5.15 2018.1.1 －2021.12.31 ZK2 2007.1.5 －2016.2.5 2018.1.1 －2021.12.31 ZK3 无 2019.2.21 －2021.12.31 ZK4 2007.1.5 －2016.11.25 2018.7.1 －2021.12.31 ZK5 2007.1.5 －2016.11.30 无 ZK6 2007.1.5 －2017.12.30 无 ZK7 2007.1.5 －2017.12.30 无 
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表 2 地下水位动态监测点连续小波变换的显著周期与时段
Table 2. Significant cycle and period of continuous wavelet transform of observation points of groundwater level dynamics
地下水位观测点 变换时段/年.月.日 显著周期/d 显著时段/a ZK1 2008.10.6－ 2017.5.2 256~512 2011－2014 ZK2 2008.10.6 －2016.2.2 256~512 2009－2014 ZK3 2019.2.21 －2021.12.31 64~128 2020－2021 ZK4 2008.10.6 －2016.11.23 256~512 2009－2015 ZK5 2009.9.25 －2016.12.3 256~512 2013－2015 ZK6 2007.1.5 －2017.12.28 周期性变化不显著 − ZK7 2008.10.6 －2017.12.28 64~128 2010
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