湘中娄底市岩溶塌陷特征及影响因素研究

郭杰华; 蒋忠诚; 刘新建; 廖红为; 李程

doi:10.11932/karst20240408

湘中娄底市岩溶塌陷特征及影响因素研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20240408

郭杰华^1,,
蒋忠诚^{2, 3, 4, ,},
刘新建¹,
廖红为^{2, 4},
李程^{2, 3}

1.
湖南省自然资源调查所, 湖南娄底 417000
2.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所, 广西桂林 541004
3.
广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 广西平果 531406
4.
自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（批准号：U21A2016）中国地质调查局地质调查项目（DD20160254）.

详细信息

作者简介:
郭杰华（1973－），男，高级工程师，研究方向：水工环地质，E-mail：806857397@qq.com

通讯作者:
蒋忠诚（1962－），男，博士，研究员，研究方向：岩溶生态学。E-mail：jzhongcheng@mail.cgs.gov.cn。

中图分类号: P642.25
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-03-24
- 录用日期: 2024-08-30
- 修回日期: 2024-08-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-31

Genetic models and influence factors of karst collapses in Loudi City of central Hunan, China

GUO Jiehua^1
,,
JIANG Zhongcheng^{2, 3, 4
, ,},
LIU Xinjian¹,
LIAO Hongwei^{2, 4},
LI Cheng^{2, 3}

1.
Institute of Natural Resources Survey of Hunan Province, Loudi, Hunan 417000, China
2.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo, Guangxi 531406, China
4.
Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 湘中娄底市记录有281起岩溶塌陷事件以及上万个塌陷坑，是我国岩溶塌陷非常严重的城市之一。所有岩溶塌陷中，矿区岩溶塌陷有222起，占总数的79%，此外，还有地基工程造成的岩溶塌陷和降雨渗透潜蚀造成的岩溶塌陷。由此总结出娄底市具有真空吸蚀、浮托软化、荷载振动、渗透潜蚀4种岩溶塌陷发生模式，各模式均有4个致塌过程。其中，真空吸蚀塌陷和浮托软化塌陷主要为矿山活动所致，分别因矿区抽排水和矿区闭坑后回水所诱发；荷载振动塌陷主要为桩基施工等荷载外动力作用诱发，渗透潜蚀塌陷多为强降雨诱发的自然塌陷。岩溶塌陷的影响因素包括基础因素和诱发因素两个方面，基础因素有地层岩性、岩溶地貌、岩溶水富水性、与矿区相关性等，构成岩溶塌陷易发区的关键影响因素；诱发因素主要有矿区抽排水、闭坑矿区回水、工程振动、降雨过程等，其强度影响岩溶塌陷发生的时间、区域范围和规模。娄底市岩溶塌陷频发、突发，建议构建岩溶塌陷监测预警系统，科学编制岩溶塌陷防治规划和灾害应急预案，强化岩溶塌陷风险管理，保持岩－土－洞－水－气间的动态平衡。
- 岩溶塌陷 /
- 塌陷模式 /
- 影响因素 /
- 矿山活动 /
- 湘中娄底市
Abstract: Loudi City in central Hunan has recorded 281 karst collapse incidents and tens of thousands of collapse pits, which made it one of the cities in China experiencing the most serious karst collapses. Among all these karst collapses, 222 karst collapses occurred in mining areas, accounting for 79% of the total. In addition, some karst collapses were caused by foundation engineering or by rainfall infiltration and erosion. By sorting out the temporal and spatial relationship between karst collapse events, karst collapses and collapse pits, it is concluded that karst collapses in Loudi City can fall into four occurrence modes, namely, vacuum erosion, floating–softening, load vibration and seepage erosion, and each mode has four collapse processes. Among them, vacuum erosion collapses and floating–softening collapses are mainly caused by mining activities, which are induced by drainage from the mining area and backwater after the mine has been closed; load vibration collapses are mainly induced by external dynamic loads such as pile foundation construction; seepage erosion collapses are natural collapses mostly induced by heavy rainfall. The influencing factors of karst collapses include basic factors and inducing factors. The basic factors include stratum lithology, karst landform, karst water abundance, correlation with mining areas, etc., which constitute the key influencing factors in karst collapse-prone areas; the inducing factors mainly include drainage in mining areas, backwatering in closed mines, engineering vibration, rainfall, etc., and the intensities of these factors can affect the time, scope and scale of karst collapses.In order to strengthen the risk management of karst collapses, it is recommended to establish a monitoring and early warning system for karst collapses, and scientifically develop risk assessment, prevention and control plans and disaster emergency response plans for karst collapses. Besides, controlling the area, method and intensity of engineering construction, prohibiting or limiting the mining of coal, gypsum, groundwater, etc. in karst areas, and maintaining the dynamic balance between rock, soil, cave, water and air are effective measures to prevent and control karst collapses. In this paper, the distinction between the basic factors and inducing factors of karst collapses can provide a scientific basis for their effective prevention and control in karst areas, and can provide a reference for the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages.
- karst collapse /
- genetic model /
- influence factors /
- mining activity /
- Loudi City of central Hunan

HTML

图 1 湘中娄底市位置及其岩溶区分布

Figure 1. Location of Luodi City, central Hunan and distribution of karst areas in Loudi City

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图 2 娄底市岩溶塌陷数量年际变化图

Figure 2. Yearly distribution of karst collapses in Loudi City

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图 3 岩溶塌陷月份分布规律图

Figure 3. Monthly distribution pattern of karst collapses

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图 4 娄底市岩溶塌陷分布图

Figure 4. Distribution of karst collapses of Luodi City

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图 5 真空吸蚀型岩溶塌陷模式（据文献^[14]修改）

Figure 5. Model of karst collapses characterized by vacuum erosion (modified from ^[14])

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图 6 浮托–软化型岩溶塌陷模式（引自文献^[16]）

Figure 6. Model of floating–softening karst collapses (cited from^[16])

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图 7 荷载振动塌陷模式

Figure 7. Model of karst collapses characterized by load vibration

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图 8 新化县孟公镇付家村岩溶塌陷区地质剖面

Figure 8. Geological profile of the karst collapse area in Fujia village, Menggong town, Xinhua county

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图 9 矿区与岩溶塌陷分布关系图

Figure 9. Relationship between distribution of mining areas and karst collapses

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表 1 娄底各县市区岩溶塌陷情况统计

Table 1. Situation of karst collapses in each county of Loudi City

县市区	岩溶塌陷事件/起	百分比/%	面积/km²	面积密度/起/100 km²
娄星区	33	11.74	429	7.69
涟源市	121	43.06	1 912	6.33
冷水江市	40	14.23	439	9.11
新化县	75	26.69	3 620	2.07
双峰县	5	1.78	1 711	0.29
湘乡市壶天镇	7	2.49	144.7	4.84
合计	281	100	8 255.7	3.40

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表 2 岩溶塌陷地层的特点及塌陷坑数量

Table 2. Features of karst collapse strata and numbers of collapse pits

发育地层	分布面积 /km²	地层特点			岩溶塌陷坑
发育地层	分布面积 /km²	岩性	富水性	矿山面积 /km²	数量/个	百分比	面积密度 /个/100 km²
C₂d	779.5	灰岩夹白云质灰岩	丰富	73.43	979	35.69	125.59
P₂m	534.2	灰岩、生物屑灰岩	丰富	8.13	829	30.22	155.19
T₁d	260.0	薄层状灰岩	贫乏	39.69	159	5.80	61.15
P₁m	410.4	灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩	丰富	4.69	284	10.35	69.20
C₁z	265.7	灰岩、泥灰岩、白云岩夹膏盐	中等丰富	6.08	247	9.00	92.96
P₂q	176.7	生物屑灰岩	中等丰富	0	80	2.92	45.27
D₃x	213.0	灰岩夹泥灰岩	中等丰富	7.34	38	1.39	17.84
D₂q	320.9	灰岩夹白云质灰岩	丰富	0.12	71	2.59	22.13
K₂d	154.1	砂岩、泥质砂岩，底部为灰质砾岩	贫乏	3.03	20	0.73	12.98
D₃ql	158.8	灰岩、泥灰岩、砂岩、页岩互层	中等丰富	1.87	25	0.91	15.74
C₁s	355.8	灰岩夹泥灰岩	中等丰富	8.51	4	0.15	1.12
C₁m	251.3	灰岩	中等丰富	0	6	0.22	2.39
P₃d	69.6	硅质灰岩夹硅质页岩	贫乏	1.30	1	0.04	1.44
合计	3 950			154.19	2 743	100

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