近60年大九湖土地利用变迁及对生态环境影响的启示

孟小军; 袁晶晶; 孙新月; 黄维; 艾东; 慎璐璐; 孟玉玲

doi:10.11932/karst20240307

近60年大九湖土地利用变迁及对生态环境影响的启示

doi: 10.11932/karst20240307

1.
中国地质大学(武汉), 湖北武汉 430074
2.
湖北省地质局第七地质大队, 湖北宜昌 443100
3.
武汉中地环科水工环科技咨询有限责任公司, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目: 神农架国家公园本底资源综合调查研究项目（SNJNP2022001）；神农架金丝猴保育生物学湖北省重点实验室开放课题基金（SNJGKL2022001）；长江重点生态区神农架大九湖湿地生态地质环境调查与监测（MSDZ202202）

详细信息

作者简介:
孟小军（1988－），男，高级工程师，博士，主要从事水文地质及环境地质研究。E-mail：362757097@qq.com

中图分类号: X171.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-03-14
- 录用日期: 2023-07-07
- 修回日期: 2023-06-30
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-25

Study on land use change of Dajiu lake and its impact on ecological environment in the last 60 years

1.
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
2.
The Seventh Geological Brigade of Hubei Geological Bureau, Yichang, Hubei 441000, China
3.
Wuhan Groundwater Explorer Hydrological Engineering Environment Science and Technology Consulting Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 神农架大九湖地区是最典型、最特殊、最稀有的亚高山泥炭藓沼泽型湿地，近60年来，神农架大九湖地区特别是湖心区的生态环境经历了从大开发到大保护剧烈的变化过程。为充分了解大九湖生态环境在大开发、大保护前后的变化情况，以大九湖国家湿地公园湖心区为研究区，以1963年、2002年、2021年分别代表大九湖未开发期、大开发时期、保护期三个时间段，以高分辨率遥感影像为数据源，对比研究区三个时期的土地利用变迁及生态环境状况。结果表明近60年来，研究区内耕地面积变化最大，湿地、水域以及草地的退化状况在保护期得到有效改善，整体生态环境质量表现为先下降后上升，保护期生态环境质量已超过大开发时期，且优于未开发期，历时18年的大九湖生态环境保护取得良好成果。
- 大九湖 /
- 土地利用 /
- 转移矩阵 /
- 生态环境
Abstract: Dajiu lake of Shennongjia is a typical, unique and rare subalpine peat-swamp wetland in China. From 1985 to 2002, due to the building of farms, the area of Dajiu lake had been transformed from wetlands to farmlands, for example, transforming natural river channels, straightening curved river sections, building north-south main canals, draining water in wetlands, cultivating croplands in a large amount to expand the farmland area, and growing high-altitude vegetables. With China increasingly giving priority to ecological conservation, the government of Shennongjia Forestry District established the Nature Reserve of Dajiu Lake Wetland at a district level in December 2003, initiating the protection of ecological environment in Dajiu lake. During this period, the ecological environment in the area of Dajiu lake, especially the center of this area, underwent a dramatic transition from extensive development to large-scale conservation. In order to fully understand the change in the ecological environment of Dajiu lake before and after large-scale development and conservation, the center of Dajiu Lake National Wetland Park was selected as the study area. Keyhole satellite data, Landsat7 ETM data, and unmanned aerial vehicle images from 1963, 2002, and 2021, respectively representing the undeveloped period, development period, and protection period of Dajiu lake, were compared to analyze changes in land use and in ecological environment quality within the study area during the three time periods. Research results show that during the primitive agricultural period in the area of Dajiu lake, wetlands and grasslands covered the largest area of total land use, with less land used for construction, resulting in a relatively better ecological environment. However, during the period of large-scale agricultural development, a significant number of grasslands and wetlands were converted into arable lands. With a sharp increase of arable lands and human activities, the ecological environment suffered considerable damage. After implementing large-scale ecological environment protection in the area of Dajiu lake, initiatives such as returning cropland back to grasslands and wetlands contributed to a significant recovery of grasslands and wetlands, a notable increase in water body area, and a considerable improvement of ecological environment. The index of regional ecological environment quality was determined based on the land use transfer matrix data about the area of Dajiu lake from 1963 to 2002. The results indicate that the index of regional ecological environment quality in the study area decreased from 0.601 in 1963 to 0.473 in 2002, but rose to 0.651 in 2021. This shows that over the past 60 years, the overall ecological environment quality in the study area has exhibited a pattern of an increase after an initial decrease, with a sustained improvement in the overall ecological environment after 2002. The quality of ecological environment during the protection period surpassed that of the large-scale development period and was better than that in the undeveloped period, which demonstrated significant achievements in the 18-year protection of ecological environment in the area of Dajiu lake. This study analyzed in detail the driving forces behind the changes in the ecological environment quality of the study area, explored the specific reasons for and predicted the trends of changes in land use and ecological environment quality. Remote sensing interpretation of land use changes in the area of Dajiu lake was generally based on remote sensing data after 2000. In the remote sensing interpretation of this study, the time of historical data was advanced to 1963, which extended the time span of land use changes in Dajiu lake to over 60 years from more than 20 years, longer than that in previous studies.
- Dajiu lake /
- land use /
- transfer matrix /
- ecological environment

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图 1 研究区地理位置

Figure 1. Geographical position of the study area

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图 2 研究区各时间段原始影像图

Figure 2. Original image of each period in the study area

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图 3 大九湖研究区1963年、2002年、2021年土地利用类型分类

Figure 3. Classification of land use types in the study area of Dajiuhu lake in 1963, 2002 and 2021

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表 1 不同土地利用类型生态环境指数赋值

Table 1. Assignment to ecological environment indices of different land use types

地物类型	生态环境质量指数
耕地	0.29
林地	0.85
草地	0.60
湿地	0.75
水域	0.55
建设用地	0.20

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表 2 大九湖近60年来各土地利用类型面积及变化情况

Table 2. Area and changes of land use types in Dajiu lake in recent 60 years

		面积/hm²			1963－2002年		2002－2021年		1963－2021年
		1963年	2002年	2021年	面积/hm²	百分比/%	面积/hm²	百分比/%	面积/hm²	百分比/%
各土地利用类型	湿地	313.88	204.46	282.39	−109.42	−34.86	77.93	38.11	−31.49	−10.03
	水域	31.67	26.65	95.55	−5.02	−15.85	68.90	258.52	63.88	201.69
	建设用地	19.09	24.46	48.09	5.37	28.11	23.63	96.62	29.00	151.88
	耕地	213.55	580.51	0	366.96	171.84	−580.51	−100.00	−213.55	−100.00
	草地	315.76	45.33	451.35	−270.43	−85.64	406.02	895.70	135.59	42.94
	林地	116.12	128.67	132.70	12.55	10.81	4.03	3.13	16.57	14.27

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表 3 1963－2002年土地利用类型转移矩阵（单位：hm²）

Table 3. Transfer matrix of land use types from 1963 to 2002 (Unit: hm²)

	湿地	水域	建设用地	耕地	草地	林地	2002年转入面积	2002年面积总计
湿地	177.53	6.64	1.2	3.48	9.79	5.83	26.93	204.46
水域	12.98	10.5	0.12	1.68	1.11	0.27	16.15	26.65
建设用地	0.46	0.03	2.27	5.92	11.93	3.86	22.19	24.46
耕地	65.43	7.46	13.9	188.78	238.83	66.1	391.73	580.51
草地	21.37	3.66	0.22	4.66	11.59	3.83	33.74	45.33
林地	36.12	3.4	1.37	9.04	42.51	36.23	92.44	128.67
1963年转出面积	136.36	21.19	16.81	24.78	304.17	79.89
1963年面积总计	313.88	31.67	19.09	213.55	315.76	116.12		1 010.08

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表 4 2002－2021年土地利用类型转移矩阵（单位：hm²）

Table 4. Transfer matrix of land use types from 2002 to 2021(Unit: hm²)

	湿地	水域	建设用地	耕地	草地	林地	2021年转入面积	2021年面积总计
湿地	116.92	8.96	0	132.06	10.35	14.09	165.47	282.39
水域	39.46	13.84	0	18.78	11.81	11.67	81.71	95.55
建设用地	0.22	0.07	23.46	22.52	0.14	1.68	24.63	48.09
耕地	0	0	0	0	0	0	−580.51	0
草地	19.14	0.65	0.96	407.15	4.86	18.59	406.02	451.35
林地	28.72	3.13	0.04	0	18.16	82.64	50.06	132.7
2002年转出面积	87.54	12.81	1.00	310.92	40.47	46.03
2002年面积总计	204.46	26.65	24.46	580.51	45.33	128.67		1 010.08

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表 5 1963－2021年大九湖生态环境质量指数

Table 5. Indices of ecological and environment quality in Dajiu lake from 1963 to 2021

	1963年	2002年	2021年
湿地	0.233	0.152	0.210
水域	0.017	0.015	0.052
建设用地	0.004	0.005	0.010
耕地	0.061	0.167	0.000
草地	0.188	0.027	0.268
林地	0.098	0.108	0.112
合计	0.601	0.473	0.651
指数变化	−	−0.128	0.178

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表 6 1963－2002年导致生态环境恶化和改善的土地利用变化类型及贡献率

Table 6. Types and contribution rates of land use changes that led to deterioration or improvement of ecological environment from 1963 to 2002

	土地利用转变类型	变化面积/hm²	贡献率	占贡献率比率/%		土地利用转变类型	变化面积/hm²	贡献率	占贡献率比率/%
导致生态环境恶化	林地-耕地	66.1	−0.006395	18.47	导致生态环境改善	建设用地-耕地	13.9	0.002242	37.74
	草地-耕地	238.83	−0.004943	14.28		水域-耕地	7.46	0.001104	18.58
	湿地-林地	36.12	−0.004462	12.89		水域-湿地	6.64	0.000885	14.89
	湿地-草地	21.37	−0.004361	12.60		耕地-林地	9.04	0.000420	7.08
	湿地-耕地	65.43	−0.004301	12.42		林地-湿地	5.83	0.000312	5.26
	草地-林地	42.51	−0.003337	9.64		耕地-湿地	3.48	0.000312	5.25
	湿地-水域	12.98	−0.002808	8.11		水域-林地	3.4	0.000306	5.16
	草地-建设用地	11.93	−0.002158	6.23		建设用地-湿地	1.2	0.000176	2.96
	林地-建设用地	3.86	−0.000355	1.03		建设用地-林地	1.37	0.000142	2.39
	草地-湿地	9.79	−0.000347	1.00		水域-草地	3.66	0.000035	0.59
	耕地-建设用地	5.92	−0.000331	0.96		建设用地-草地	0.22	0.000005	0.08
	林地-草地	3.83	−0.000268	0.78		建设用地-水域	0.12	0.000001	0.02
	草地-水域	1.11	−0.000190	0.55
	耕地-草地	4.66	−0.000159	0.46
	湿地-建设用地	0.46	−0.000104	0.30
	耕地-水域	1.68	−0.000078	0.22
	林地-水域	0.27	−0.000022	0.06
	水域-建设用地	0.03	−0.0000004	0.001
	总计	526.88	−0.034619	100		总计	56.32	0.005940	100

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表 7 2002－2021年导致生态环境恶化和改善的土地利用变化类型及贡献率

Table 7. Types and contribution rates of land use changes that led to deterioration or improvement of ecological environment from 2002 to 2021

	土地利用类型变化	变化面积/hm²	贡献率	占贡献率比率/%		土地利用类型变化	变化面积/hm²	贡献率	占贡献率比率/%
导致生态环境恶化	湿地-水域	39.46	−0.0038983	33.80	导致生态环境改善	耕地-草地	407.15	0.0408890	69.06
	耕地-建设用地	22.52	−0.0035036	30.41		耕地-湿地	132.06	0.0056234	9.50
	耕地-水域	18.78	−0.0021315	18.50		林地-草地	18.59	0.0029416	4.97
	湿地-林地	28.72	−0.0011415	9.91		湿地-草地	19.14	0.0022036	3.72
	林地-水域	11.67	−0.0006499	5.64		草地-湿地	10.35	0.0018726	3.16
	林地-建设用地	1.68	−0.0001643	1.43		水域-湿地	8.96	0.0017313	2.92
	湿地-建设用地	0.22	−0.0000310	0.27		草地-林地	18.16	0.0015236	2.57
	草地-建设用地	0.14	−0.0000024	0.02		林地-湿地	14.09	0.0014145	2.39
	水域-建设用地	0.07	−0.0000003	0.003		水域-林地	3.13	0.0003011	0.51
						草地-水域	11.81	0.0002935	0.50
						建设用地-草地	0.96	0.0002502	0.42
						水域-草地	0.65	0.0001632	0.28
						建设用地-林地	0.04	0.0000042	0.01
	总计	123.26	−0.0115227	100		总计	645.09	0.0592116	100

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