基于优化DRASTIC模型的地下水污染风险评价研究

刘红; 张君; 于桑; 张立; 陈昊; 鲁晓威; 乔月

doi:10.11932/karst20240302

基于优化DRASTIC模型的地下水污染风险评价研究——以山东省辖南水北调区域为例

doi: 10.11932/karst20240302

刘红^1,,
张君¹,
于桑^{1, 2, ,},
张立¹,
陈昊³,
鲁晓威¹,
乔月¹

1.
山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院(山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队), 山东济宁 272000
2.
自然资源部采煤沉陷区综合治理工程技术创新中心, 山东济宁 272000
3.
山东省地矿工程集团有限公司, 山东济南 250013

基金项目: 山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院开放基金课题“典型煤矿区地下水串层污染机制及治理成效研究”（LNY2020-N13）；山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院开放基金课题“煤矿聚集区矿坑排水污染因子识别与水环境影响研究”（LNYQ202112 ）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘红（1984－），女，硕士，高级工程师，从事水工环地质、矿山生态修复、土地复垦等方向研究。E-mail：18678781920@163.com

通讯作者:
于桑（1989－），男，硕士，高级工程师，从事水工环地质、矿山生态修复、地质勘查等方面业务。E-mail：359923604@qq.com。

中图分类号: X824;P641.134
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-01-01
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-25

Evaluation of groundwater pollution risk based on the optimized DRASTIC model: A case study of the areas along the route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province

LIU Hong^1
,,
ZHANG Jun¹,
YU Sang^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHANG Li¹,
CHEN Hao³,
LU Xiaowei¹,
QIAO Yue¹

1.
Shandong Provincial Lunan Geology and Exploration Institute (No.2 Geological Brigade of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), Jining, Shandong 272100, China
2.
Technology Innovation Center of Restoration and Reclamation in Mining Induced Subsidence Land, Ministry of Natural Resources, Jining, Shandong 272000, China
3.
Shandong Provincial Geology Construction Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250013, China

摘要

摘要: 基于南水北调工程对沿线区域提出的水质保障要求及生态可持续发展的需要，对地下水的污染防范和治理已成为研究重点。为查明山东省辖南水北调沿线地区的地下水污染风险，通过对地下水污染源荷载、生态脆弱性以及功能价值三个方面的评价构建地下水污染风险评价体系。通过污染物毒性、排放量及排放可能性对污染荷载进行定量、定性的分析；引入土地利用、土壤氧气含量等数据优化DRASTIC体系，构建DRASTOL模型；利用InVEST模拟的生境质量、夜间灯光系数以及研究区敏感的地下水F⁻、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$等评价因子评估地下水功能价值。发现研究区地下水污染荷载结果整体较低，脆弱性中等偏高，功能价值中等偏低。叠加处理3个结果得到地下水污染风险数据分布状态，整体中等偏下。其中较高、高等级污染风险区域总面积约为7 444.88 km²，占比约为20.17%，主要分布在菏泽市中部，济宁市中部、西南部，枣庄市西北部，泰安市中部、东部，钢城区南部，该区域地下水位埋深较浅，自然环境下较大的降水易携带地表污染物渗入地下；富水性强、工业及采矿用地密集且排放的污染物毒性较强；高强度的社会经济活动易产生较多污染物，多因素综合影响导致该区域地下水的污染风险指数较高。
- 污染风险 /
- 污染荷载 /
- 脆弱性 /
- 功能价值 /
- 南水北调
Abstract: Based on the requirements of guaranteeing water quality and sustainably developing ecology proposed by the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the prevention and treatment of groundwater pollution has become a research focus. In this study, the prevention of shallow groundwater pollution along the route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province was taken as an example, and the system of evaluating shallow groundwater pollution risk in the study area was constructed from the aspects of groundwater pollution source load, groundwater ecological vulnerability and groundwater functional value. The pollution load was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed in terms of toxicity, emission and emission possibility of pollutants. Based on land use data and soil oxygen contents, an optimized DRASTOL model was constructed after the optimization of a traditional one. Habitat quality data and night light coefficients simulated by the InVEST model, and the sensitive F⁻ and SO$_4^{2-}$ concentration distributions in groundwater in the study area were used as factors to evaluate the groundwater functional value. The results show low values in both shallow groundwater pollution loads and groundwater functions, and show medium values of groundwater vulnerability. Combined with groundwater pollution load, groundwater vulnerability and groundwater functional value, the distribution of groundwater pollution risk was obtained. The results show that the groundwater pollution risk in the study area is generally at a low or a medium level. The area with high pollution risk totals 7,444.88 km², accounting for 20.17% of the whole study area, which is mainly distributed in central Heze City, the center and southwest of Jining City, the northwest Zaozhuang City, the center and east of Tai'an City, and the south of Gangcheng City. Reasons for groundwater pollution in these areas mentioned above are as follows. Because groundwater levels in these areas are relatively shallow, when much precipitation occurs in the natural environment, surface pollutants easily infiltrate into the ground, which can pose a threat to the groundwater quality. Besides, industrial and mining land is densely distributed in these areas whose strata are rich in water; consequently, a large number of strong toxic pollutants are likely to be emitted. At the same time, pollutants are also possibly generated by social and economic activities with high intensity. The combined influence of the above factors leads to high risk of groundwater pollution in the study area. The results obtained in this study provide a reference for the zoning of groundwater pollution risk in the areas along the route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province.
- pollution risk /
- pollution load /
- vulnerability /
- functional value /
- South-to-North Water Diversion Project

HTML

图 1 研究区富水性及野外采样点分布图

Figure 1. Distribution of water-richness and field sampling sites in the study area

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图 2 地下水污染荷载评价因子分等及评价结果分布图

Figure 2. Grading and results of evaluation factors for groundwater pollution load

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图 3 地下水脆弱性评价因子分等及评价结果分布图

Figure 3. Grading and results of evaluation factors for groundwater vulnerability

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图 4 研究区生境质量结果分布图

Figure 4. Distribution of habitat quality in the study area

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图 5 地下水功能价值评价因子分等及评价结果分布图

Figure 5. Grading and results of evaluation factors for groundwater functional value

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图 6 优化后的地下水污染荷载等级分布图

Figure 6. Grade distribution of groundwater pollution load after optimization

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图 7 研究区地下水污染风险评价结果分布图

Figure 7. Evaluation results of groundwater pollution risk in the study area

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表 1 数据来源表

Table 1. Table of data sources

评价类型	数据名称	数据来源
地下水污染荷载评价(PI)	工业污染数据(P_i)	实地调研数据（545组信息）
地下水污染荷载评价(PI)	采矿污染数据(P_m)	实地调研数据（545组信息）、2022年土地变更数据
地下水脆弱性评价(VI)	地下水埋深(D)	野外现场采样测量数据（2020年429组地下水位测量数据）
	垂向净补给量(R)	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（年降水数据）
	含水层渗透等级(A)	山东省水文地质图
	土壤介质(S)	世界土壤数据库
	地形坡度(T)	地理空间数据云（GDEMV3 30M 分辨率数字高程数据）
	土壤氧气供应量(O)	世界土壤数据库
	土地利用数据(L)	2022年土地变更数据
地下水功能价值评价(FI)	夜间灯光遥感（H)	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心
	富水性(W)	野外现场采样测量统计数据
	生境质量(E)	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心
	地下水F离子浓度(F)	野外现场采样测量数据（2020年429组地下水F离子浓度测量数据）
	地下水${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$离子浓度(S_w)	野外现场采样测量数据（2020年429组地下水${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$离子浓度测量数据）

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表 2 地下水污染源荷载评价因子分级及评分表

Table 2. Grading and scoring of evaluation factors for groundwater pollution source load

污染源类型	毒性类别	Ti评分	缓冲区半径/km
工业污染源	石油加工、炼焦以及核燃料加工业	2.5	1.5
	有色金属冶炼以及压延加工业	3	1
	黑色金属冶炼以及压延加工业	2	1
	化学原料及化学制品制造业	2.5	2
	纺织业	1	2
	皮革、毛皮、羽毛（绒）及其制品业	1	2
	金属制品业	1.5	1
	其他行业	0.2	1
矿区开采污染源	煤炭、石油以及天然气开采业	1.5	1.5
矿区开采污染源	黑色金属矿采选业	2	1
污染源类型	释放可能性	Li评分
工业污染源	2011年之后建厂	0.2
	1998—2011年间建厂	0.6
	1998年之前建厂	1
矿区开采污染源	停产，矿井已回填	0.1
	停产，矿井未回填	0.5
	在产	0.7
污染源类型	污染物释放量	Qi评分
工业污染源/m³·a⁻¹	≤1	1
	(1,50］	2
	(50,100］	3
	(100,300］	4
	(300,500］	6
	(500,1 000］	9
	>1 000	12
矿区开采污染源	小型	3
	中型	6
	大型	9

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表 3 地下水脆弱性评价因子分级及评分表

Table 3. Grading and scoring of evaluation factors for groundwater vulnerability

评分	D/m	R/mm·a⁻¹	A	S	T/°	O	L
1	＞25	≤575	1	黏土	＞25	严重约束	戈壁、沙地等
2	20,25	575 600	2	黏壤土	(20,25］	较严重约束	林地、竹林地等
3	15,20	600 625	3	砂质黏土	(16,20］	中等约束	草地
4	12,15	625 650	4	−	(12,16］	无/轻微约束	沼泽、滩涂
5	10,12	650 675	5	壤土	(10,12］	−	河流、湖泊、坑塘等
6	8,10	675 700	6	砂质黏壤土	(8,10］	−	农村居民点
7	6,8	700 725	7	砂质壤土	(6,8］	−	城镇居民点
8	4,6	725 750	−	−	(4,6］	−	旱地、水田、水浇地
9	2,4	750 800	−	壤质砂土	(2,4］	−	其他建设用地
10	≤ 2	＞800	−	砂土	≤ 2	−	工业用地、采矿用地
权重	0.307	0.164	0.124	0.086	0.049	0.043	0.227

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表 4 生境质量威胁因子属性及敏感程度表

Table 4. Threat factor attributes and sensitivity in terms of habitat quality

威胁因子		耕地	道路用地	农村居民点	城镇居民点	其他建设用地	工业、采矿用地
最大威胁距离		4	3	5	6	8	10
权重		0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	1
衰减性		linear	linear	exponential	exponential	exponential	exponential
地类	生境	敏感性
旱地	0.6	0.3	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6
水田	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7
灌木林地	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.65	0.5	0.5	0.6
乔木林地	1	0.8	0.65	0.85	0.75	0.6	0.85
草地	0.7	0.55	0.35	0.5	0.6	0.3	0.7
河流水面	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.6
湖泊水面	0.9	0.65	0.6	0.65	0.65	0.4	0.75
坑塘水面	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6
内陆滩涂	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.65	0.6	0.5	0.7
沼泽地	0.3	0.65	0.3	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.7
未利用地	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
农村居民点	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
城镇居民点	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
建设用地	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

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表 5 地下水功能价值评价因子分级及评分表

Table 5. Grading and scoring of evaluation factors for groundwater functional value

评分	W/m³·d⁻¹	F/mg·L⁻¹	S_w/ mg·L⁻¹	E	H
1	≤500	＞4	＞1 000	[0,0.17］	≤4
2	500,1 000	(3,4］	(500,1 000］	(0.17,0.40］	(4,16］
3	1 000,3 000	(2,3］	(350,500］	(0.40,0.51］	(16,40］
4	3 000,5 000	(1,2］	(200,350］	(0.51,0.69］	(40,80］
5	＞5 000	≤1	≤200	(0.69,1.00］	＞80
权重	0.36	0.18	0.18	0.16	0.12

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