滇东南喀斯特山区石漠化程度与坡位因子的关联机制研究

陈彦君; 赵筱青; 普军伟; 石小倩; 冯严; 周世杰

doi:10.11932/karst20240205

滇东南喀斯特山区石漠化程度与坡位因子的关联机制研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20240205

陈彦君^1,,
赵筱青^1, ,,
普军伟^{1, 2},
石小倩¹,
冯严¹,
周世杰¹

1.
云南大学地球科学学院, 云南昆明 650500
2.
云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院, 云南昆明 650500

基金项目: 云南省科技厅—云南大学联合基金重点项目(2018FY001-017)；云南大学研究生创新人才培养项目(C176230200)；2020年云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目[研究生类（2020Y0030）]

详细信息

作者简介:
陈彦君（1998－）女，硕士研究生，主要从事喀斯特地区生态安全与土地利用规划研究。E-mail：chenyj9980@163.com

通讯作者:
赵筱青（1969－），女，教授，博士研究生导师，研究方向为土地利用安全格局及国土空间开发与保护。E-mail：xqzhao@ynu.edu.cn。

中图分类号: X171.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-03-10
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-30

Correlation mechanism between rocky desertification degrees and slope position factors in karst mountainous area of southeast Yunnan

1.
School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
2.
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China

摘要

摘要: 石漠化作为一种土地退化现象，是中国西南喀斯特地区的主要生态问题之一。探寻石漠化分布规律及影响机制是石漠化有效治理的关键。文章以滇东南喀斯特山区的3个典型实验区为研究对象，提取石漠化程度及坡位信息，探讨不同等级石漠化沿坡位的分布规律，并采用通径分析法研究石漠化程度与坡位的关联机制。结果表明：（1）实验区内从山脊到山谷石漠化面积逐渐减少，而非石漠化面积逐渐上升，石漠化主要分布在坡位高的地方；其中轻度石漠化多发生在山脊和上坡，中度石漠化多发生在山脊、上坡和下坡，重度石漠化在各坡位的分布较均匀。（2）坡位与石漠化程度的相关性显著，坡位直接影响着石漠化的分布规律。同时，坡位对石漠化的影响受到坡度与地形切割深度间接的强化作用。（3）坡位与石漠化程度的关联机制是：当区域以自然演化状态为主时，坡位与石漠化程度呈负关联，坡位越高，伴随坡度与地形切割深度变大，导致高坡位区域物质迁移更加频繁，石漠化的程度加剧；当区域人类活动影响明显时，坡位与石漠化程度呈正关联，坡位越低，随同坡度与地形切割深度较小，人类活动更加方便且频繁，消耗了由高坡位到低坡位的堆积物质，使石漠化程度加深。研究结果能为喀斯特山区石漠化程度综合影响机制的深入分析提供参考，为山区石漠化治理及生态恢复措施制定提供依据。
- 石漠化 /
- 坡位 /
- 通径分析 /
- 关联机制 /
- 喀斯特山区
Abstract: As a kind of land degradation phenomenon, rocky desertification is one of the main ecological problems in karst areas in Southwest China. The key to the effective control of rocky desertification is to explore the distribution law and influence mechanism of rocky desertification. Taking three typical experimental areas in the karst mountainous area of southeast Yunnan as the research subjects, we extracted rocky desertification degrees and slope position factors as variables, and analyzed the correlation mechanism between these two variables. We also explored the roles of terrain factors such as slope gradients, slope aspects, terrain cutting depths, etc. in the correlation mechanism in order to further clarify the distribution law of different degrees of rocky desertification at different slope positions under the natural conditions as well as under the human interference. This study provides support for the case study on distribution and influence mechanism of rocky desertification in karst mountainous areas, and provides scientific basis for monitoring and restoring the regional ecological environment.The results show as follows: (1) The area of rocky desertification decreased gradually from ridge to valley, mainly distributed in the areas in high slope positions. Accordingly, the area of non-rocky desertification increased gradually. Slight rocky desertification mostly occurs along the ridge and on the uphill slope, while moderate rocky desertification mostly occurs at the ridge, and on the uphill and downhill slopes. The heavy rocky desertification is distributed in a uniform way in each slope position. (2) Slope positions are significantly correlated with degrees of rocky desertification, and directly affect the distribution law of rocky desertification. At the same time, the effect of slope positions on rocky desertification is indirectly enhanced by slope gradients and terrain cutting depths. (3) The correlation mechanism between slope positions and degrees of rocky desertification is demonstrated below. If the area is dominated by natural evolution, slope positions are negatively correlated with degrees of rocky desertification. The higher the slope position is, the greater the slope gradient and the deeper the terrain cutting will be. In this case, the increasing frequency of material migration in the area of high slope position will intensify the degree of rocky desertification. Conversely, the lower the slope position is, the smaller the slope gradient and the terrain cutting will be. In this case, human activities will become more convenient and frequent, which may consume the accumulated materials from the high slope position to the low and intensify the rocky desertification.The implications of research findings indicate that the geomorphic structure of the karst area is relatively complex according to the field investigation, and relevant research should be carried out based on the geographical environment of the study area. Most studies on rocky desertification have been conducted at a large or medium scale such as at a scale of the river basin or of the administrative unit, and the driving factors of different research scales have different influences on the degrees of rocky desertification. In addition, degrees of rocky desertification in different slope positions are significantly different. In the natural distribution, materials are lost along the ridge and accumulate in the valley. In rocky desertification areas, soil and other materials are lost along the ridge, and some remain in the valley. Furthermore, rocky desertification degrees are significantly correlated with slope positions, and the internal correlation mechanisms between rocky desertification degrees and slope positions are different under different intensities of human activity. Human interference is also an important factor affecting the correlation between slope positions and rocky desertification degrees. The research results can provide reference for in-depth analysis of the comprehensive influencing mechanism of rocky desertification degrees in karst mountainous areas, and provide basis for rocky desertification control and ecological restoration in mountainous areas.
- rocky desertification /
- slope position /
- path analysis /
- association mechanism /
- karst mountainous area

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图 1 实验区空间分布

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of experimental areas

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图 2 1 km×1 km实验小区遥感影像、石漠化程度及坡位分级图

Figure 2. Remote sensing image, degree of rocky desertification and classification of slope positions of each experimental area of 1 km×1 km

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图 3 10 km×10 km中不同坡位的石漠化面积比例（%）

Figure 3. Ratio of rocky desertification area at different slope position in 10 km×10 km (%)

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图 4 1 km×1 km实验小区石漠化与各因子的通径系数

Figure 4. Path coefficient of rocky desertification degree and each factor in each experimental area of 1 km×1 km

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图 5 坡位因子与石漠化程度的关联机制

Figure 5. Correlation mechanism between slope position factors and rocky desertification degrees

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表 1 石漠化分级体系

Table 1. Classification standard of rocky desertification

石漠化状态	石漠化程度	岩石裸露率/%	植被+土被覆盖度/%
非石漠化	无石漠化	<20	>70
非石漠化	潜在石漠化	20~30	50~70
石漠化	轻度石漠化	30~50	35~50
	中度石漠化	50~70	20~35
	重度石漠化	>70	<20

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表 2 坡位的分类

Table 2. Classification of slope positions

坡位	赋值	高低	分类依据
山脊	1	高坡位 ↓ 低坡位	TPI>1.0SD
上坡	2		0.5SD<TPI≤1.0SD
中坡	3		−0.5SD< TPI<0.5SD
下坡	4		−1.0SD<TPI≤-0.5SD
山谷	5		TPI <-1.0SD
注：SD表示邻域内高程的标准差。 Note: SD represents the standard deviation of elevation in the surrounding areas.

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表 3 10 km×10 km实验区石漠化面积与实验区总面积比例（%）

Table 3. Ratio of rocky desertification area of 10 km×10 km to the total area of the experimental area (%)

实验区	石漠化程度	山脊	上坡	中坡	下坡	山谷	各石漠化总和	总和
东部实验区	轻度石漠化	3.82	5.51	3.73	4.66	3.68	21.40	63.26
	中度石漠化	7.52	7.79	5.58	8.53	4.83	34.25
	重度石漠化	1.63	1.97	2.34	1.02	0.66	7.62
南部实验区	轻度石漠化	8.18	4.64	4.70	5.43	3.16	26.11	46.39
	中度石漠化	2.31	2.31	1.21	1.07	0.63	7.54
	重度石漠化	1.90	1.07	6.69	1.88	1.20	12.74
西部实验区	轻度石漠化	7.45	3.93	3.94	4.81	3.63	23.76	51.98
	中度石漠化	4.42	4.42	2.64	4.16	3.73	19.37
	重度石漠化	1.45	1.78	1.90	1.40	2.32	8.85

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表 4 1 km×1 km实验小区石漠化与关联因子的相关系数

Table 4. Correlation coefficient between rocky desertification degree and related factors in each experimental area of 1 km×1 km

因子	实验小区1 （几乎不受人类干扰）	实验小区2 （受人类干扰较小）	实验小区3 （受人类干扰较大）
坡位	−0.427	−0.312	0.555
坡向	−0.051	−0.098	−0.083
坡度	0.107	0.286	−0.281
地形切割深度	0.130	0.304	−0.316

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