综合物探方法解译表层岩溶带空间结构特征研究

刘永亮; 刘振宇; 章程; 吴秋菊; 邬健强; 张伟; 甘伏平; 韩凯

doi:10.11932/karst20240109

综合物探方法解译表层岩溶带空间结构特征研究——以广西平果市果化镇生态试验基地坡径流场为例

doi: 10.11932/karst20240109

刘永亮^{1, 2,},
刘振宇^3, ,,
章程^{1, 2},
吴秋菊³,
邬健强⁴,
张伟^{1, 2},
甘伏平^{1, 2},
韩凯^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004
2.
联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 广西桂林 541004
3.
广西壮族自治区地质环境监测站，广西南宁 530201
4.
中国地质调查局武汉地质调查中心(中南地质科技创新中心), 湖北武汉 430205

基金项目: 广西重点研发计划项目（桂科AB21075002）；广西重点研发项目（桂科AB23026062）；广西壮族自治区地质环境监测站项目（桂自然资函【2021】415）；中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目（2021007，2022002)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘永亮（1986－），男，博士，助理研究员，从事岩溶地质勘探方法研究。E-mail：liuyongliang198718@163.com

通讯作者:
刘振宇（1985－），男，学士，高级工程师，从事水工环地质、地质灾害防治相关研究。E-mail：38378062@qq.com。

中图分类号: P631
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-02-27
- 录用日期: 2023-06-15
- 修回日期: 2023-06-08
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Study on spatial structure characteristics of epikarst zone interpreted by integrated geophysical method: Taking the slope runoff field of Guohua town ecological experiment base in Pingguo City, Guangxi as an example

LIU Yongliang^{1, 2
,},
LIU Zhenyu^{3
, ,},
ZHANG Cheng^{1, 2},
WU Qiuju³,
WU Jianqiang⁴,
ZHANG Wei^{1, 2},
GAN Fuping^{1, 2},
HAN Kai^{1, 2}

1.
Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/ Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
2.
International Research Center on Karst Under the Auspices of UNESCO/National Center for International Research on Karst Dynamic System and Global Change, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
3.
Geological Environment Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530201, China
4.
Wuhan Center of Geological Survey (Central South China Innovation Center for Geosciences), Wuhan, Hubei 430205, China

摘要

摘要: 表层岩溶带是岩溶学研究的重要部分，其结构的解译对表层岩溶带水循环特征及岩溶水调蓄功能的研究具有重要意义。利用综合物探方法（包括高密度电阻率法、自然电位法和地质雷达法），对平果市果化镇生态试验基地坡径流场的表层岩溶带空间结构特征进行了探测解译。通过对高密度电阻率数据和自然电位数据反演，获得坡径流场若干电阻率断面和极化源的空间分布特征，解译了3处强径流带发育的空间位置；通过地质雷达影像图划分了表层岩溶带发育深度。此外，坡径流场地西北侧有深部岩溶裂隙发育，向东南地势逐渐走低，岩溶裂隙也逐渐向面上扩大。研究结果表明，自然电位法是探测岩溶含水构造的有效方法，结合高密度电阻率法，可有效解译强径流带的空间发育位置，而地质雷达法可高分辨地探测表层岩溶带的发育厚度和浅部岩溶裂隙的发育情况；地质雷达法、高密度电阻率法和自然电位法的综合应用能有效探测表层岩溶带的结构特征，是解译表层岩溶带厚度和探测强径流带空间分布的有效手段。
- 地球探测与信息技术 /
- 表层岩溶带 /
- 空间结构 /
- 地质雷达 /
- 高密度电阻率 /
- 自然电位
Abstract: The epikarst zone is widely distributed in the karst area of Southwest China, and it is the intersection zone of four circles (lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere). It is sensitive to environmental changes, in which rapid chemical reactions and strong karst actions are likely to take place. It records much information on short-term environmental change. It also has the function of regulating and storing karst water, and thus can effectively provide water resources for residents in karst mountainous areas. Therefore, the exploration and interpretation of the structure of epikarst zone is of great significance to the study of water cycle and the storage function of epikarst zone. In this study, comprehensive geophysical methods such as high-density resistivity method, spontaneous potential method and ground penetrating radar method have been used to explore and interpret the spatial structure characteristics of epikarst zone in slope runoff field of Guohua town ecological experiment base in Pingguo City. The high-density resistivity method can obtain the electrical structure section of slope runoff field by data inversion, and divide karst development areas by electrical structure. As an important method to interpret the development position of strong runoff belt, the spontaneous potential method can obtain the spatial position of polarization source through data inversion, and the generation of polarization source is closely related to water flow and electrochemical reaction between water and surrounding rock. With high resolution, the ground penetrating radar method is effective to interpret the development thickness of epikarst zone. The high-density resistivity method and the spontaneous potential method can be used to detect and comprehensively interpret the spatial position of the strong runoff belt in slope runoff field, and the ground penetrating radar method can be used to detect the thickness of the epikarst zone in the slope runoff field. In this study, according to the resistivity inversion cross-section and polarization source inversion results, the spatial positions of three strong runoff zones have been comprehensively explained, and their development depths vary between 5 m and 10 m. The development depth of the epikarst zone has been interpretated by the ground penetrating radar image. According to the development characteristics of epikarst zone in this area, the antenna frequency of the ground penetrating radar has been set as 400 MHz, and the radar wave reflection time has been converted into depth with the combination of the relevant geotechnical dielectric parameters of rock and soil. The development depth of epikarst zone in the slope runoff field is about 2.5 m (about 50 ns, with the speed of 10 cm·ns⁻¹) The lateral variation of development thickness is significant. The accurate depth needs to be calibrated by the results of velocity measurement through drilling. In addition, there are deep karst fractures in the northwest of the slope runoff field, which gradually descend to the southeast and gradually expand to the surface. The research results show that the location of polarization source obtained by the inversion of spontaneous potential data can directly indicate the location of groundwater; therefore, the spontaneous potential method is effective to detect karst water-bearing structures. Combined with the results of high-density resistivity inversion section, the development location and spatial characteristics of strong runoff belt can be accurately interpreted, and the ground penetrating radar can detect the development thickness of epikarst zone and the development of shallow karst fracture structure with high resolution. In short, the integration of ground penetrating radar method, high-density resistivity method and spontaneous potential method can effectively detect the structural characteristics of epikarst zone, address the multi-solution problem, and hence an effective means to interpret the thickness of epikarst zone and to detect the spatial distribution of strong runoff belt.
- earth exploration and information technology /
- epikarst zone /
- spatial structure /
- ground penetrating radar /
- high-density resistivity /
- spontaneous potential

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图 1 圆柱体极化模型

Figure 1. Cylinder polarization model

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图 2 高密度电阻率法探测原理示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of detection principle of high-density resistivity method

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图 3 地质雷达法探测原理示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of detection principle of ground penetrating radar method

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图 4 生态实验场水文地质及测线布置图

Figure 4. Hydrogeology and layout of survey lines in the ecological experiment base

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图 5 B2线和B5线强径流带综合物探反演解译图

Figure 5. Interpretation of integrated geophysical inversion of Line B2 and Line B5 in the strong runoff zone

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图 6 B2线地质雷达数据剖面图

Figure 6. Profile of GPR data of Line B2

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图 10 B6线地质雷达数据剖面图

Figure 10. Profile of GPR data of Line B6

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图 7 B3线地质雷达数据剖面图

Figure 7. Profile of GPR data of Line B3

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图 8 B4线地质雷达数据剖面图

Figure 8. Profile of GPR data of Line B4

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图 9 B5线地质雷达数据剖面图

Figure 9. Profile of GPR data of Line B5

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图 11 坡径流带表层岩溶带结构地质解译图

Figure 11. Geological interpretation of epikarst zone structure in the slope runoff zone

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表 1 研究区岩土介质介电常数、波速及电阻率

Table 1. Dielectric constant, wave velocity and resistivity of rock and soil medium in the study area

介质	相对介电常数	波速/cm·ns⁻¹	电阻率/Ω·m
空气	1	30.0	∞
水	81	3.3	0.1~100
黏性干土	4~10	9.5~15.0	10~100
黏性湿土	10~30	5.4~9.5	1~10
干灰岩	7	11.3	100~10 000
湿灰岩	8	10.6	10~100
干混凝土	4~40	4.7~15.0	500~1 300
湿混凝土	10~20	6.7~9.5	50~200

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表 2 电阻率反演结果及极化源反演结果推断异常体统计表

Table 2. Statistics of anomalous bodies inferred from inversion results of resistivity and polarization source

	B2线					B5线
	异常编号位置/m		发育深度/m	异常形态		异常编号位置/m		发育深度/m	异常形态
高密度	A	80~90	5~10	管道型	高密度	H	80~90	未见底	倾斜板状
	B	99~103	未见底	竖直板状		I	100~125	未见底	倾斜板状
						J	140~145	未见底	倾斜板状
自然电位	C	61~63	5~8	管道型	自然电位	K	68~70	5~10	竖直板状
	D	82~86	5~8	倾斜板状		L	77~96	3~10	倾向板状
	E	91~97	3~5	倾斜板状		M	102~110	4~5	水平板状
	F	111~116	7~9	管道型		N	97~107	7~11	水平−倾斜板状
	G	149~150	6~10	管道型		O	121~125	8~10	水平板状

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表 3 坡径流场内解译强径流带空间位置统计表

Table 3. Statistics of the spatial position of strong runoff belt interpreted in slope runoff field

	径流带1		径流带2		径流带3
	B2线	B5线	B2线	B5线	B2线	B5线
代表性异常	A、D	H、L	B	I、M、N	F	I、O
发育位置/m	85	82	100	105	114	123
发育深度/m	5~8	3~10	5~10	7~11	7~9	8~10
可靠性	强	强	中	强	弱	强

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表 4 表层岩溶带发育深度及变化特征汇总表

Table 4. Summary of development depth and variation characteristics of epikarst zone

	B2线	B3线	B4线	B5线	B6线
电磁波往返走时/ ns	20~90	10~90	20~120	10~50	10~90
换算发育深度/m	1.0~4.5	0.5~4.5	1.0~6.0	0.5~2.5	0.5~4.5
剖面表层岩溶带发育特征	大部分发育深度1.5~2.5 m，个别地方发育较深如55 m、88 m、142 m等，宽度较小	呈现左侧深（可达4 m左右），中部最浅（1 m左右），右侧略深（2 m左右）	左侧发育较深，发育深度可达5~6 m，中部和右侧相对较浅，在1~3 m之间变化	相对较为平缓，左浅右深，左侧深部发育3条岩溶裂隙，两条竖直发育，一条水平发育	起伏变化较大，在80~100 m区间发育较深，可达4.5 m，其他区域在2 m左右；左侧中、深部各发育一条岩溶裂隙，倾斜发育

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