黔北遵义地区地热水化学特征及成因

罗伟; 杨仕江; 彭静; 袁余洋; 李生红; 曾祥建; 张信

doi:10.11932/karst20240106

黔北遵义地区地热水化学特征及成因

doi: 10.11932/karst20240106

罗伟^1,,
杨仕江^2, ,,
彭静¹,
袁余洋¹,
李生红¹,
曾祥建¹,
张信¹

1.
遵义师范学院工学院, 贵州遵义 563006
2.
贵州省有色金属和核工业地质勘查局三总队, 贵州遵义 563000

基金项目: 贵州省基础研究（自然科学）项目（黔科合基础-ZK［2021］一般204）；仁怀市矿产资源总体规划（2021-2025年）

详细信息

作者简介:
罗伟（1983－），男，博士，副教授，研究方向为地球化学、水文地质学。 Email: Luowei663840@163.com。

通讯作者:
杨仕江（1984－），男，高级工程师，研究方向为地球化学、水文地质学。Email: 363060830@qq.com。

中图分类号: P641.3；P314
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-01
- 录用日期: 2023-11-15
- 修回日期: 2023-11-15
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

1.
College of Engineering and Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
2.
The Third General Team of Non-ferrous Metals and Nuclear Industry Geological Exploration Bureau of Guizhou, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China

摘要

摘要: 黔北遵义地区地热资源丰富，但研究程度低，成因机制不明，制约了区内地热资源的合理开发利用。文章以遵义地区天然温泉和地热井为研究对象，采集了6组地热水样进行水化学组分、氢氧同位素分析，探讨了该地区地热水的成因。结果表明：研究区地热水水化学类型为SO₄-Ca·Mg、Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca、HCO₃-Ca·Mg、HCO₃-Na·Ca及HCO₃-Ca·Na·Mg型，有益元素主要有Sr、Li、H₂SiO₃、F。地热水中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$主要来源于白云石、方解石的溶解；盐津桥和坛厂地热水中的Ca²⁺，除来自于白云石、方解石的溶解外，可能有富石膏白云岩或膏盐层中石膏溶解产生的Ca²⁺加入；地热水中${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$离子主要来源于石膏的溶解。四川含盐盆地古卤水的注入导致盐津桥地热水富Na⁺、K⁺、Cl⁻。地热水的补给来源为大气降水，补给区位于研究区中部的大娄山一带，补给高程为1 310.0~1 391.2 m，补给区年平均气温为4.4~8.3 ℃。利用二氧化硅温标估算的热储温度为53~95 ℃，地热水循环深度为1 372~2 633 m。硅−焓模型估算的地热水冷水混入比例为76%~92%。区内地下水在大娄山区接受大气降水入渗补给，经深循环并受深部热流加热后，沿导水断裂上升至地表，形成天然低温温泉，或在背斜核部断裂带附近经人工钻探形成地热井。
- 地热水 /
- 水化学 /
- 氢氧同位素 /
- 遵义地区 /
- 贵州北部
Abstract: The Zunyi area in north Guizhou is located on the slope section transiting from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Sichuan Basin. This area is geotectonically situated on the southwestern margin of the Yangzi plate, where Neoproterozoic strata to Cenozoic strata are exposed with the absence of Devonian and Cretaceous strata. Tectonically, the "Jurassic folds", developed and distributed in the NE or NNE directions, consist of alternating anticlinoria and synclinoria. Fracture structures are mostly distributed in the core of anticlines, spreading in the NE–SW direction or near SN direction. The study area is at normal geothermal temperature gradient and within the regional heat flow value. This area is rich in geothermal resources at low-medium temperature, and its hot springs (wells) are distributed near the fracture zones of anticlines. The thermal reservoirs in this area are mainly composed of dolomite of Cambrian Loushanguan Group and Sinian Dengying Formation.Generally, the insufficient research and unknown causal mechanisms have restricted the rational development and utilization of geothermal resources in this area. This study takes three hot springs and three geothermal wells distributed in the Zunyi area as research objects. Combining the regional geothermal geological data with the analysis of hydrochemical components and H-O isotope compositions of geothermal water, we explore the geothermal water source, the water-rock reaction process, and the elevation and temperature of recharge, calculate the thermal storage temperature, hot and cold water mixing ratio and thermal cycle depth, and summarize the genesis model of geothermal water, so as to provide a basis for the exploration, development and utilization of geothermal water resources in this area.The results show that the temperature of geothermal water is 29–48 ℃; the pH value is 7.30–7.95; the TDS is 187.95–2,322.74 mg·L⁻¹, the δD and δ¹⁸O are −72.1‰ to −50.0‰ and −11.03‰ to −8.23‰, respectively. Hydrochemically, geothermal water falls into SO₄-Ca·Mg, Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca, HCO₃-Ca·Mg, HCO₃-Na·Ca and HCO₃-Ca·Na·Mg types, with main beneficial elements of Sr, Li, H₂SiO₃ and F. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ in geothermal water mainly come from the dissolution of dolomite and calcite. Ca²⁺in the geothermal water of Yanjinqiao and Tanchang may be added from the dissolution of gypsum in gypsum-rich dolomite or gypsum-salt layers, in addition to Ca²⁺ from dissolution of dolomite and calcite.${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ ions mainly come from the dissolution of gypsum. Injections of ancient brines in the saline basin of Sichuan led to the enrichment of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻in the geothermal water of Yanjinqiao. The H-O stable isotope signature of the water samples indicates that the origin of geothermal water in the study area is atmospheric precipitation recharge. Based on the elevation effect and temperature effect, the elevations of the recharge areas of geothermal water are estimated to be 1,310.0–1,391.2 m, and the average annual temperatures range from 4.4 ℃ to 8.3 ℃. Comprehensive analyses indicate the recharge area is located in Dalou mountain in the central part of the study area. Na-K-Mg triangular diagram shows that the geothermal water in the study area is the unmature water. The reservoir temperatures are 53–95 ℃ by the silica temperature scale, and the reservoir depths are 1,372–2,633 m. The percentages of cold water mixing with geothermal water estimated by the silica-enthalpy model are 76%–92%.Groundwater in the Dalou mountain area is replenished by atmospheric precipitation infiltration, and seeps into the thermal reservoir of Cambrian and Sinian dolomite along the exposed area of Permian-Triassic carbonate bedrock or tectonic fracture zones. Then, under the influence of geothermal gradients, groundwater absorbs heat and increases temperature, forming geothermal water. While becoming warming by increasing temperature, groundwater carrying CO₂ reacts with dolomite (mainly composed of dolomite with a small amount of calcite, gypsum, and other minerals) within the thermal reservoir to form geothermal water rich in Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$, and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$. In the Renhuai area, groundwater reacts with gypsum-salt beds of the Dengying Formation and gypsum-rich dolomite rocks of the Loushanguan Group to form geothermal water with high and moderate concentrations of Ca²⁺ and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ within the respective thermal reservoirs. Under the action of head pressure, geothermal water is transported along the karst pores, caves or tectonic fissures in the thermal reservoir. Some of the geothermal water is channeled to the surface by NE–SW oriented water-blocking fractures, and is exposed to form natural hot springs at low temperature. Due to the encirclement of the upper overburden (clastic rock), part of the geothermal water gathers in the deep carbonate thermal reservoir to form a pressurized geothermal water reservoir (anticlinal core), which is drilled by human, and geothermal wells come into being.
- geothermal water /
- hydrochemistry /
- H-O isotope /
- the Zunyi area /
- north Guizhou

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图 1 区域大地构造位置图（a：据文献[15]修改）、黔北遵义地区水文地质图（b：据文献[3]修改）及简易水文地质剖面图（c）

Ⅰ.扬子板块 Ⅱ.江南造山带 Ⅲ.华夏板块 yjq.盐津桥温泉 bj.芭蕉温泉 fx.枫香温泉 tc.坛厂地热井 yc.岩孔地热井 gh.桂花地热井

Figure 1. Geotectonic location (a: revised from reference [15]), hydrogeological map (b: revised from reference [3]), and simplified hydrogeological section map (c) of the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

Ⅰ. Yangzi plate Ⅱ. Jiangnan orogen Ⅲ. Huaxia plate yjq. Yanjinqiao spring bj. Bajiao spring fx. Fengxiang spring tc. Tanchang geothermal well yc. Petrosum geothermal well gh. Guihua geothermal well

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图 2 黔北遵义地区地热水水样Piper图

Figure 2. Piper diagram of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

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图 3 黔北遵义地区地热水Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺(a)、Ca²⁺-${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$(b)和Ca²⁺- ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ (c)图解

Figure 3. Diagrams of Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺(a)、Ca²⁺-${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$(b) and Ca²⁺- SO₄^2- (c) in geothermal water of the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

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图 4 黔北遵义地区地热水δD-δ¹⁸O关系图

Figure 4. Plot of δD and δ¹⁸O of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

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图 5 黔北遵义地区地热水Na-K-Mg三角图

Figure 5. Na-K-Mg triangular diagram of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

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图 6 黔北遵义地区地热水硅−焓图解

Figure 6. Silicon-enthalpy models for geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

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图 7 黔北遵义地区地热水成因模式图

1.二叠系−三叠系 2.奥陶系−志留系 3.中−上寒武统娄山关组 4.下寒武统金顶山组至牛蹄塘组 5.中震旦统灯影组 6.中震旦统陡山沱组−南沱组 7.灰岩 8.白云岩 9.砂岩 10. 碳质页岩 11.膏盐层 12.热储层 13.盖层 14.正安−桐梓逆断裂 15. 遵义−枫香正断裂 16.温泉 17.地热井 18.大气水渗入补给 19.地热水流向

Figure 7. Genesis model of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

1. Permian-Triassic system 2. Ordovician-Silurian system 3. Loushanguan Formation of Middle-Upper Cambrian system 4. From Jindingshan Formation to Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian 5. Dengying Formation of Middle Sinian 6. Doushantuo Formation-Nantuo Formation of Middle Sinian 7. limestone 8. dolomite 9. sandstone 10. carbonaceous shale 11. gypsum-salt layer 12. thermal reservoir 13. cap rock 14. Zheng'an-Tongzi reverse fault 15. Zunyi-Fengxiangzheng fault 16. spring 17. geothermal well 18. atmospheric water infiltration recharge 19. flow direction of geothermal water

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表 1 黔北遵义地区地热水水化学及同位素测试数据

Table 1. Hydrochemical and isotopic analyses of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

温泉名称	芭蕉温泉	盐津桥温泉	坛厂地热井	岩孔地热井	桂花地热井	枫香温泉
水样编号	bj	yjq	tc	yk	gh	fx
pH	7.63	7.38	7.30	7.83	7.95	7.43
F⁻/mg·L⁻¹	0.12	0.67	1.75	2.34	6.82	0.32
Cl⁻/mg·L⁻¹	2.38	384.38	12.37	17.10	11.96	4.12
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$/mg·L⁻¹	3.06	2.87	−	−	2.15	4.95
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$/mg·L⁻¹	21.13	301.60	1 449.01	75.72	23.19	50.86
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$/mg·L⁻¹	114.11	267.88	136.68	267.88	264.22	199.54
Na⁺/mg·L⁻¹	3.84	273.09	34.08	50.06	73.37	4.27
K⁺/mg·L⁻¹	0.85	28.57	9.65	7.53	7.96	1.41
Mg²⁺/mg·L⁻¹	11.70	5.68	103.29	22.42	9.16	24.10
Ca²⁺/mg·L⁻¹	24.98	118.67	467.04	49.55	28.87	52.06
TDS/mg·L⁻¹	187.95	1 448.88	2 322.74	514.77	439.66	353.19
H₂SiO₃/mg·L⁻¹	21.91	55.28	37.65	44.92	47.08	27.81
Sr/μg·L⁻¹	82.81	12 488.14	9 120.96	1 225.69	1 028.67	310.13
Li/μg·L⁻¹	0.39	66.70	44.80	130.00	85.80	5.73
δD_V-SMOW/‰	−49.97	−61.18	−61.74	−65.34	−72.10	−50.98
δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/‰	−8.24	−9.37	−9.85	−9.94	−11.03	−8.23
注：${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}$低于检测限（5 mg·L⁻¹）未列出，−表示低于检测限。 Note: ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-}$ is not listed because it is lower than the detection limit. The symbole "−" means below the detection limit.

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表 2 黔北遵义地区地热水补给高程及温度

Table 2. Recharge elevation and temperature of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

温泉名称	出露高程/m	补给高程/m	补给区温度/ ℃		备注
温泉名称	出露高程/m	补给高程/m	公式（3）	公式（4）	备注
枫香温泉	925	1 383.8	8.7	7.7
坛厂地热井	849	−	6.8	5.4	井深837 m
盐津桥温泉	540	1 391.2	6.9	6.1
桂花地热井	991	−	5.0	3.7	井深1 282 m
芭蕉温泉	890	1 310.0	8.9	7.7
岩孔地热井	918	−	6.3	5.3	井深1 002 m

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表 3 黔北遵义地区地热水中玉髓和石英饱和指数（SI）

Table 3. Saturation indices of chalcedony and quartz of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

温泉名称	芭蕉温泉	枫香温泉	坛厂温泉	盐津桥温泉	桂花地热井	岩孔地热井
玉髓SI	−0.05	−0.02	0.09	0.19	0.07	0.27
石英SI	0.37	0.37	0.48	0.57	0.43	0.69

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表 4 黔北遵义地区地热水热储温度估算结果表

Table 4. Estimated geothermal reservoir temperature of geothermal water in the Zunyi area, north Guizhou

温泉名称	水样编号	水温/ ℃	计算热储温度/ ℃				估算热储温度/ ℃
温泉名称	水样编号	水温/ ℃	公式（5）	公式（6）	公式（7）	公式（8）	估算热储温度/ ℃
芭蕉温泉	bj	29	57.06	57.12	63.32	24.82	55~60
枫香温泉	fx	36	66.29	65.99	71.21	34.01	65~70
坛厂地热井	tc	38	78.47	77.96	81.78	46.53	46~78
盐津桥温泉	yjq	44	94.90	94.40	96.14	63.95	64~95
桂花地热井	gh	48	87.89	87.35	90.00	56.45	56~88
岩孔地热井	yk	48	85.87	85.33	88.24	54.31	54~86
注：公式（5）：石英温标−无蒸汽分离或混合作用 T(℃)=−42.198+0.28831×SiO₂−3.6686×10⁻⁴×(SiO₂)²+ 3.1665 ×10⁻⁷×(SiO₂)³+77.034×lg(SiO₂)；公式（6）：石英温标−无蒸汽损失（0~250 ℃） T(℃)=1309/[5.19−lg(SiO₂)]−273.15；公式（7）：石英温标−最大蒸汽损失在100 ℃（0~250 ℃） T(℃)=1522/[5.75−lg(SiO₂)]−273.15；公式（8）：玉髓温标−无蒸汽损失（0~250 ℃）T(℃)=1032/[4.69−lg(SiO₂)]−273.15。公式（5）据文献[33]，公式（6）（7）（8）据文献[34]，T(℃)为热储温度，SiO₂单位为mg·L⁻¹。 Note: Formula (5): quartz temperature scale-steam free separation or migmatization T(℃)=−42.198+0.28831×SiO₂−3.6686×10⁻⁴×(SiO₂)²+3.1665×10⁻⁷×(SiO₂)³+77.034× lg(SiO₂); Formula (6): quartz temperature scale-steam free loss (0–250 ℃) T(℃)=1309/[5.19–lg(SiO₂)]−273.15; Formula (7): quartz temperature scale-maximum steam loss at 100 ℃ (0–250 ℃) T(℃)=1522/[5.75–lg(SiO₂)]–273.15; Formula (8): Chalcedony temperature scale-steam free loss (0–250 ℃) T(℃)=1032/[4.69−lg(SiO₂)]–273.15. Formula (5) is based on reference [33], formula (6), formula (7) and formula (8) are based on reference [34]; T(℃) is the reservoir temperature, and the unit of SiO₂ is mg·L⁻¹.

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