黄龙五彩池源水区渗漏特征分析和人工降渗保育综合研究

刘馨泽; 张清明; 唐淑; 田长宝; 高文皓; 周亚萍; 陈洪伟; 韩梅东; 孙东

doi:10.11932/karst20240104

黄龙五彩池源水区渗漏特征分析和人工降渗保育综合研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20240104

刘馨泽^1,,
张清明²,
唐淑²,
田长宝²,
高文皓^{1, 3},
周亚萍¹,
陈洪伟¹,
韩梅东¹,
孙东^1, ,

1.
四川省地质环境调查研究中心, 四川成都 610081
2.
黄龙国家级风景名胜区管理局,四川松潘 623300
3.
成都理工大学材料与化学化工学院, 四川成都 610059

基金项目: 四川省科技计划资助项目（24NSFSC0529）；国家环境保护水土污染协同控制与联合修复重点实验室开放基金（GHBK-2023-01）；四川省地质调查研究院科研项目（SDDY-Z2022008，SCIGS-CYBXM-2023004）；黄龙国家级地质公园水循环特征及景观保育技术研究（5132202018000229）。

详细信息

作者简介:
刘馨泽（1987－），男，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事生态环境修复研究工作。E-mail：cliu_7411@163.com。

通讯作者:
孙东（1982－），男，正高级工程师，博士，主要从事水工环地质领域相关科学研究及应用工作。E-mail：67986685@qq.com

中图分类号: P931.5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-15
- 录用日期: 2023-07-31
- 修回日期: 2023-07-11
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Comprehensive study on characteristics of leakage in the source water area and landscape conservation by artificial leakage reduction of Huanglong Wucai pool

1.
Sichuan Geological Environment Survey and Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
2.
Huanglong National Scenic Area Administration, Songpan, Sichuan 623300, China
3.
College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China

摘要

摘要: 黄龙世界自然遗产地核心景观之五彩池，其源水区上游转花池泉群地表溢流后，在灌丛林区中形成较为强烈的渗漏，导致五彩池涵养水量下降，出现一定程度退化。通过野外调查、长期监测、取样测试等手段，查明源水区水体径流渗漏特征及原因，分析人工降渗手段对五彩池钙华景观演化影响。结果表明：（1）五彩池源水区河道发生了极为强烈的入渗，造成五彩池涵养水量下降，平均径流渗漏占比达51%，月动态变化较小，造成渗漏增强的原因主要为高山柳灌丛根劈、冻融等增加钙华有效孔隙度形成强渗透层；（2）源水区强渗漏造成五彩池下游边缘出现失水黑化，后沟地表水替换了彩池群内原有景观水体（水体置换）引发“灰化”现象；（3）通过人工保育降低源水区强渗漏，五彩池内涵养水量出现明显增加，北边缘彩池群黑化消失，东侧灰化现象减弱，五彩池钙华水域景观范围扩大16.3%，径流渗漏量比前期减少34%，主要景观涵养期内，进入五彩池的涵养水量占比由保育前的49%增加至83%，月平均涵养水量由4 892 m³·d⁻¹增加至8 674 m³·d⁻¹，涵养水量增加77%；（4）降低源水区渗漏，增加下游彩池群涵养水量，对钙华水域景观范围扩大、恢复起到了明显的促进作用，为黄龙世界自然遗产地核心价值的保护提供了重要的依据。
- 转花池 /
- 渗漏 /
- 灌丛 /
- 人工保育 /
- 五彩池
Abstract: The study area is Huanglong Wucai pool in China. In recent years, due to the influence of Salix cupularis thicket in Zhuanhua pond of the upstream source water area, there has been strong surface water leakage, resulting in a decrease of water conservation and shrinkage of water landscape, which in turn has caused the degradation of pools such as blackening and podzolization. Through analyzing the characteristics of water conservation in Wucai pool and their influence on the evolution of travertine landscape, this study discusses the effect on landscape restoration by artificial intervention in the reduction of surface water leakage, so as to provide systematic results and technical reference for subsequent landscape conservation and serve the protection of the core value of Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. By means of field investigation, flow monitoring, water quality monitoring, particle analysis, SEM characterization, and experiment on water quantity regulation and conservation, the characteristics and causes of water runoff leakage in the source water area of Wucai pool were identified, and the effects of artificial leakage reduction on the evolution of travertine landscape in the study area were analyzed. Five monitoring stations were set up to monitor the total flow in Zhuanhua pond, the water flow entering Wucai pool and the corresponding changes in hydrochemical characteristics. Meanwhile, pH, temperature and conductivity were measured by a handheld WTW 3310 pH meter, and Ca²⁺ and HCO$_3^{−}$ were measured by titration on-site. The monitoring period was from April to November, 2019. Collected from loose travertine at the forest area of Zhuanhua pond and from the newly formed loose travertine at the bottom of landscape pool, the particle analysis samples and SEM samples were used to analyze the transformation and destruction of travertine body by the root system of Salix cupularis thicket. Thin-walled rectangular weir and triangular weir were used for flow measurement. After water flow regulation of Zhuanhua pond, isolation of channel with strong leakage, and conservation of Wucai pool, the impact of the increased water flow on the improvement of local degradation of Wucai pool was assessed on June 5, 2020. The research findings show, (1) The quality of spring water from Zhuanhua pond in the source water area is stable, with high partial pressure of carbon dioxide and high calcium. Degassing reaction occurs along the river, and calcite is oversaturated at a low level to the southern edge of Wucai pool. (2) Due to activities of thicket root and influences of freeze-thawing, strong runoff leakage occurs in the source water area, and only 49% of the total water flow can enter Wucai pool to form a landscape conservation water source. The main site of strong leakage is located at the west branch channel composed of loose calcareous gravel and sand in Zhuanhua pond. (3) The leakage in the source water area caused a relative decline in the water conservation capacity of Wucai pool. The northern edge of Wucai pool became blackened and water in the east part was displaced by surface water of Huanglonghou Ditch to form podzolization. The scale of the landscape pools shrank to about half of its early size. The maximum natural landscape water conservation of Wucai pool, with the capacity of 5,115 m³·d⁻¹, generally occurs in September. (4) Through artificial conservation, the impact of surface water leakage in the source water area of Wucai pool landscape is reduced. During the main conservation period (July–October), the proportion of the water conservation into Wucai pool increased to 83%, up from 49% before artificial conservation, and the average monthly water flow increased from 4,892 m³·d⁻¹ to 8,674 m³·d⁻¹, with an increase of water conservation capacity of 77%. Before and after the conservation of Wucai pool, the concentration of calcium and bicarbonate ions in water changed little; SIc changed from oversaturation to equilibrium; carbon dioxide degassing in the middle and lower reaches increased; the deposition capacity of travertine generally increased. (5) During the main conservation period, the average monthly water flow after conservation increased by 3,559m³·d⁻¹. 2,544 m³·d⁻¹ of water was consumed to restore the blackened pool in the north and alleviate podzolization in the east, accounting for 29% of the total capacity of water conservation in Wucai pool. The landscape water area of Wucai pool increased by 16.3% and remained at the same level after the four-month landscape restoration and conservation. The degradation such as blackening and podzolization of Wucai pool caused by increasing surface water leakage in the source water area by activities of root system of Salix cupularis contributed to the decrease of water conservation capacity in the landscape area. However, through the artificial leakage reduction and conservation experiment, the water conservation capacity increased, and thus the degradation was contained and the travertine landscape was restored to a certain extent in the study area, which indicates that appropriate artificial intervention is beneficial to landscape protection.
- Zhuanhua pond /
- leakage /
- thicket /
- artificial conservation /
- Wucai pool

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图 1 研究区位置暨监测站分布图

Figure 1. Location of the study area and distribution of monitoring stations

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图 2 转花池总流量动态（2019年4月—11月）

Figure 2. Dynamics of the total flow of Zhuanhua pond (April–November, 2019)

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图 3 转花池总流量和五彩池进池流量变化（2019年7月—11月）

Figure 3. Changes of the total flow in Zhuanhua pond and the inflow quantity of Wucai pool (July–November, 2019)

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图 4 五彩池水域景观区收缩及次生退化现象（据2019年8月无人机航测影像）

（蓝色线为现今范围，红色为早期范围 a. 失水黑化区 b. 水体置换灰化区界线附近）

Figure 4. Shrinkage and secondary degradation of Wucai pool in the landscape area (based on UAV aerial survey images in August, 2019)

(blue line: the present range. red line: the range in the early time a. water loss and blackening area b. the podzolization area near the boundary line of water displacement)

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图 5 灌丛充分破坏后的钙华颗分样品SEM图片

G01. 转花池样品 G02.映月彩池样品 (a. 粒径0.147~0.250 cm b. 粒径0.075~0.147 mm c. 粒径<0.075 mm)

Figure 5. SEM images of travertine samples after full destruction of thicket

G01: sample of Zhuanhua pond G02: sample of Yingyue pool ( a. particle size 0.147–0.250 cm b. particle size 0.075–0.147 mm c. particle size <0.075 mm)

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图 6 水量调控前后五彩池涵养水量变化（2020年）

Figure 6. Change of water quantity in Wucai pool before and after water flow regulation (2020)

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图 7 研究区2019—2021年降水分布

Figure 7. Precipitation distribution from 2019 to 2021 in the study area

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图 8 五彩池内不同部位主要离子浓度变化特征

Figure 8. Variation characteristics of main ion concentrations in different parts of Wucai pool

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图 9 五彩池局部退化景观恢复对照

a.保育前，2019年8月 b. 保育后，2020年10月

Figure 9. Comparison before and after restoration of local degraded landscape in Wucai pool

a.pre-conservation, August 2019 b. post-conservation, October, 2020

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图 10 五彩池北部黑化彩池恢复对照

a. 保育前，2019年8月 b. 保育后，2021年8月

Figure 10. Comparison of the blackened pool in the north of Wucai pool before and after conservation

a. before conservation, August, 2019 b. after conservation, August, 2021

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表 1 监测站和监测对象对应关系

Table 1. Corresponding relationship between monitoring stations and monitoring objects

序号	监测站编号	作用	监测泉点	堰类型	监测站位置
1	A1	监测转花池总水量（五彩池断面）	转花池1号泉（S1）	矩形堰	泉口下游河道
2	A2		转花池2号泉（S2）	三角堰	泉口
3	A3		转花池3号和5号泉（S3、S5）	矩形堰	泉口下游河道
4	A4		转花池4号泉（S4）	三角堰	泉口
5	B	监测五彩池进池水量	转花池出口，五彩池进口（S9）	矩形堰	泉水汇流河道出口

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表 2 转花池泉群及林区出口水化学特征表

Table 2. Hydrochemical characteristics of Zhuanghuachi spring group and the outlet of forest area

监测日期	监测站	pH	水温t/ ℃	电导率/ μs·cm⁻¹	游离二氧化碳/mg·L⁻¹	[Ca²⁺]/ mg·L⁻¹	[${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$]/ mg·L⁻¹	PCO₂/ kPa	SIc
2019/7/20	A1	6.5	7	1 152	166.16	210	857.51	20.22	−0.09
	A2	6.4	7.1	1 146	197.69	212	808.15	23.75	−0.20
	A4	6.4	7.2	1 139	178.94	211	826.66	24.31	−0.19
	B	6.9	6.3	1 068	111.63	194	789.65	7.34	0.24
2019/9/20	A1	6.6	6.7	1 106	129.48	181	748.53	13.99	−0.10
	A2	6.5	6.9	1 105	151.63	181	748.53	17.61	−0.19
	A4	6.6	6.7	1 096	138.00	181	748.53	13.99	−0.10
	B	6.9	6.1	1 038	109.04	173	692.86	6.54	0.15

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表 3 全月平均水量动态（单位m³·d⁻¹）

Table 3. Dynamics of monthly average water flow (unit: m³·d⁻¹)

年份	月份	转花池总水量	五彩池进池水量	渗漏水量	渗漏占比	入五彩池占比
2019年	7月	10 333	4 631	5 703	55%	45%
	8月	9 952	4 707	5 244	53%	47%
	9月	10 736	5 115	5 621	52%	48%
	10月	9 965	5 114	4 851	49%	51%
	11月	7 462	4 054	3 408	46%	54%
2020年	4月	3 933	1 559	2 374	60%	40%
	5月	5 912	2 939	2 973	50%	50%

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表 4 灌丛根系完全改造后的钙华颗分布特征

Table 4. Distribution characteristics of travertine particles in thicket root system after transformation

位置	类别	粒径 /mm	重量 /g	占比 /%	颗粒名称*
转花池	灌木根系完全破坏后的钙华	>2	142.32	36.7	砾
		0.25~2	138.04	35.6	中粗砂
		0.075~0.25	82.88	21.4	细砂
		<0.075	24.35	6.3	粉粒
映月彩池	彩池底初成未固结钙华	>2	158.47	34.7	砾
		0.25~2	112.15	24.6	中粗砂
		0.075~0.25	155.59	34.1	细砂
		<0.075	30.07	6.6	粉粒
：据土的工程分类标准（GB/T 50145-2007）确定。 : based on the engineering classification standard of soil (GB/T 50145-2007)。

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表 5 钙华松散过程主要水动力参数变化^*

Table 5. Main hydrodynamic parameters of travertine loosening process

类型	松散颗粒特征	渗透系数 /m·d⁻¹	有效孔隙度 /%
钙华砾	2~20 mm	9.09	14.2
钙华砂	0.075~2 mm	5.41	12.5
钙华粉粒土	<0.075 mm	2.81	10.6
正常弱溶蚀钙华	胶结	1.53	8.1
：数据来源为2019年成都理工大学生态环境学院水力学实验室完成的达西土柱渗流试验。 : The data source is derived from the Darcy seepage test of soil column completed by the hydraulic laboratory of College of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology in 2019.

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表 6 五彩池南部入口水质动态（2019年）

Table 6. Dynamics of water quality at the southern inlet of Wucai pool (2019)

日期	流量/m³·d⁻¹	pH	水温t/ ℃	电导率/ μs·cm⁻¹	[Ca²⁺]/ mg·L⁻¹	[${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$]/ mg·L⁻¹	PCO₂/ kPa	SIc
2019-7-20	5 149	6.9	6.3	1 068	194	790	7.34	0.24
2019-8-20	4 243	7	6.4	1 052	190	718	5.32	0.30
2019-9-20	5 113	6.9	6.1	1 038	173	693	6.54	0.15
2019-10-10	5 292	6.9	6.2	1 033	177	708	6.7	0.17
2019-11-10	4 414	7	5.9	1 083	196	789	5.83	0.34

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