滇池湖底塌陷漏水隐患研究的问题与建议

王宇

doi:10.11932/karst20240103

滇池湖底塌陷漏水隐患研究的问题与建议

doi: 10.11932/karst20240103

王宇^{1, 2, 3,}

1.
自然资源部高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室, 云南昆明 650216
2.
云南省高原山地地质灾害预报预警与生态保护修复重点实验室, 云南昆明 650216
3.
云南省地质调查局, 云南昆明 650051

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2016YFC0502502）；云南省地质灾害综合防治体系建设（2013-2020）

详细信息

作者简介:
王宇（1960－），男，博士，教授级高级工程师，主要从事水工环地质研究。E-mail：ynddywy@163.com。

中图分类号: P642
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-10
- 录用日期: 2023-06-02
- 修回日期: 2023-05-30
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Problems and suggestions on the study of collapse and water leakage at the bottom of Dianchi lake

WANG Yu^{1, 2, 3
,}

1.
Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, MNR, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
2.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Geohazard Forecast and Geoecological Restoration in Plateau Mountainous Area, Kunming, Yunnan 650216, China
3.
Yunnan Geological Survey, Kunming, Yunnan 650051, China

摘要

摘要: 持滇池漏水隐患点急变临灾推论和漏水隐患不成立否定意见的双方都做了大量的分析论证工作，并发表和提交了研究成果。但以地球系统科学、水工环地质学和地球探测技术科学的理论、原理和地质勘查认识问题的程序和规范来衡量，均不同程度地存在着概念性、系统性、规范性的错误或不足，主要表现在地质学概念及术语不清、水文地质调查研究不足、湖盆形成及演化历史研究薄弱、水文地质勘探验证欠缺等，从而导致各方推断依据皆不够充分。对这些问题，文章逐一进行了深入的分析，并根据区域自然地理、地质、水工环地质等调查（勘查）研究程度及资料，结合实际工作经验，对今后的研究提出了规范地质学基本概念、开展湖底洼地钻探试验及监测、系统开展综合研究和野外查证的具体改进建议。明确指出滇池漏水隐患成立与否，关键在于湖底洼地发生岩溶塌陷的风险，必须实施钻探验证才能得出科学的定论。
- 滇池湖泊 /
- 断陷盆地 /
- 岩溶洼地 /
- 岩溶塌陷 /
- 湖底漏水
Abstract: At present, there are two conflicting conclusions on the research of water leakage hazards in Dianchi lake. One is that the hidden danger points of water leakage in Dianchi lake have rapidly changed and is at a critical point, so there is a high risk of water leakage disasters. The other is that the view of hidden dangers of water leakage is not true, and hence there is no risk of water leakage disasters in Dianchi lake. Although people of both sides have done a large amount of analytic demonstration and published their research results. However, there are still more or less conceptual, systematic and normative errors or deficiencies. These deficiencies are mainly reflected as follows: unclear geological concepts and terms, insufficient hydrogeological investigation, weak research on the history of lake basin formation and evolution, and lack of verification by hydrogeological exploration, which may lead to insufficient basis for both sides to make a precise deduction. First, the terminological phrase "structural leakage" needs a clear expression. If a strong earthquake occurs in the Kunming area, it is likely to cause faults, leading to karst collapse of the funnel at the bottom of Dianchi lake, and then leading to the probable fault and connection of underground karst caves. This process will contribute to the catastrophic water leakage in Dianchi lake. Therefore, the risk of water leakage disasters may be originated from karst collapses at the lake bottom. However, the idea that the occurrence of a huge water leakage through the fault structure and the conversion of runoff between karst pipelines and faults may contradict the basic knowledge and reality of hydrogeology. It is not objective, reasonable and accurate to use the phrase "structural leakage" to express the hidden danger and its mechanism of water leakage in Dianchi lake. In addition, "funnel" is a karst term of karstology, referring to a funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped closed depression usually with a diameter of less than 100 m. At the bottom of a funnel, there are usually sinkholes leading to the underground, which can play a role of water drainage. However, the previous studies refer to the shallow and gentle low-lying landform formed on the loose cover layer of Dianchi lake as "funnel", which is obviously misused. This kind of landform is inconsistent with a funnel regardless of its formation background, genesis and components. If "funnel" is misused in this case, it is likely to cause cognitive errors and barriers in academic communication. Second, the geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology of the karst plateau in eastern Yunnan have been fully investigated and explored. The surveys of 1∶200,000 and 1∶50,000 have covered the whole area, and many detailed surveys and exploration with high precision have been carried out in the Dianchi basin. However, previous studies are far from enough for us to collect the detailed and reliable results of these surveys, so the inference of many phenomena and problems deviates from the reality. For example, with continuous surface divide and groundwater basin boundary, the eastern and southern parts of the Dianchi basin are blocked by thick surface divides, multi-layer Cenozoic viscous soil layers, and weak permeable layers of basalt, clastic rock and metamorphic rock. Moreover, the Jinsha river has been the most strongly invaded in this region since Pleistocene. Therefore, there are no hydrogeological conditions for the development of huge underground river channels across basins in these two parts. Third, the analysis of geological history is indispensable to understand the process and law of geological evolution. For example, through the analysis of the development and evolution of the Dianchi lake basin since Miocene, it can be found that the development of karst underground river system related to the depression at lake bottom may initially take the Hanjiacun depression as the discharge basis, and finally change to the Tanglang river as the discharge basis through the Haikou river. However, in the study of the hidden water leakage in Dianchi lake, the research in this aspect is very weak, leading to insufficiency of the basis for analysis and inference of the formation and evolution of depression at lake bottom, its genetic mechanism, and the water leakage path of Dianchi lake. Fourth, due to the complexity of geological phenomena and the multiplicity of geophysical exploration results, the conclusions drawn by geophysical exploration and geological inference are not final because they have not been verified by drilling tests. Although the thickness of Cenozoic overburden layer at the lake bottom is the key to the prediction and evaluation of water leakage hazards in Dianchi lake, it is speculated only based on the results of regional gravity measurement. The structure of overlying soil layer, physical and mechanical properties, and developmental characteristics of basement karst in the depression lack the drilling and experimental testing. The absence of drilling and testing data makes it impossible to calculate and analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of sediment consolidation of settlement at the lake bottom. If there are karst funnels and sinkholes in the basement of depression and their shapes, scales, and characteristics and locations of the blocking material are unknown, it is impossible to accurately analyze the instability mechanism of the blocking body, and thus it is also impossible to calculate and evaluate its stability and the so-called critical point of collapse. Therefore, the conclusion that "the hidden danger points of water leakage in Dianchi Lake have rapidly changed and is at a critical point of leakage disasters" is speculative. Currently, all deductions made need to be verified through drilling tests before they can be finalized.For these problems, this study makes an in-depth analysis one by one. According to the current research and data of regional physical geography, geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology and environmental geology, and combined with practical work experience, this study puts forward specific suggestions for the improvement of future research, such as standardizing basic concepts of geology, carrying out drilling tests, monitoring the depression deformation at the lake bottom, and systematically carrying out comprehensive research and field verification. It is pointed out that in order to reach the final conclusion of the hidden danger of leakage in Dianchi lake, the key is to find out the possibility of the karst collapse of depression at the lake bottom, so drilling verification must be carried out. Because the technology of underwater drilling test is difficult and the fragile environment of plateau lake cannot be disturbed excessively, the conduction of drilling test should be carefully planned and one hole can be drilled for different purposes. For sufficient representativeness and pertinence, it is appropriate to carry out drilling tests, monitor the two depressions studied, and provide specific technical suggestions for geophysical exploration, drilling test, dynamic monitoring of lake water and groundwater, and monitoring of the deformation of lake overburden layer at the lake bottom.
- Dianchi lake /
- faulted basin /
- karst depression /
- karst collapse /
- lake leakage

HTML

图 1 滇池区域水文地质图

Figure 1. Hydrogeological map of the Dianchi lake area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 滇池及周边新生界覆盖层等厚线图

Figure 2. Isopach map of Cenozoic overburden layer in Dianchi lake and its surrounding areas

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 滇池上新世初期岩溶水流系统恢复示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of restoration of karst water flow system in the early Pliocene of Dianchi lake

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

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