Distribution characteristics and genesis analysis of geological relics in Zhaoyang district, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province
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摘要: 文章在收集详细地质遗迹野外调查资料的基础上，对滇东北地区昭通市昭阳区的各种地质遗迹进行综合分类和成因分析。结果表明：昭阳区地质遗迹可分为西部和东部2大区片，西部为以大山包为代表的玄武岩台地，集火山岩地貌、高原湖泊和湿地为一体；东部为以昭通山间盆地为中心的碳酸盐岩岩溶地貌，附有古生物化石景观；碳酸盐岩、泥页岩、砂岩、玄武岩等丰富的岩性及其他作为隔水岩系和含水岩系的相间分布为岩溶作用和岩溶地貌的差异奠定了基础；不同程度的断裂—褶皱形成的构造地貌是现今东、西地质遗迹分异的主控因素；地层岩性—构造地貌背景下的水文条件为塑造丰富的地质景观提供了外部动力因素。Abstract:
Geological relics are one of the important components of geoscience culture, so studies on their distribution characteristics and genesis are helpful to the effective investigation and evaluation of the landscape resources in geological relics. Zhaotong City is located on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the northeastern Yunnan Province of Southwest China. It belongs to the Yangtze plate of South China, which is located at the southwest edge of the Yangtze block—a secondary tectonic unit within the plate. The formation and distribution of landscapes of geological relics in Zhaoyang district are closely related to the formation and evolution of the Zhaotong intermountain basin. On the basis of detailed field investigations of geological relics, this study comprehensively classifies and analyzes the genesis of various geological relics in Zhaoyang district of Zhaotong City in northeastern Yunnan Province. The strata in the Zhaoyang area are fully exposed, ranging from the Cambrian Meishucun Formation (Zhongyicun member of Dengying Formation) to the Quaternary system (Neogene). The Cambrian and Ordovician systems are mainly exposed in Yanshan township and Dazhaizi township by the Jinsha river, and are mainly buried deep underground in other areas. The Meishucun Formation at the bottom of the Cambrian is a phosphate-bearing rock series, with the upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Canglangpu Formation being a combination of terrigenous sandstone and mudstone. The Longwangmiao Formation to the Erdaoshui Formation and the Ordovician Formation at the top of the lower Cambrian are mostly composed of carbonate rocks. Meishucun Formation at the bottom of the Cambrian is composed of the phosphorus-bearing rock series. The upper Qiongzhusi Formation and Canglangpu Formation are the combination of terrigenous sand and mudstone. The top of the lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation to the Erdaoshui Formation and the Ordovician are mostly composed of carbonate rocks. The combination of terrigenous sand and mudstone, accompanied by muddy limestone, is developed in Hong'anpo Formation of the Silurian system to the upper part of middle Devonian. Thick carbonate deposits are developed in Qujing Formation at the top of middle Devonian to the Maokou Formation of the lower Permian. From the Xuanwei Formation at the top of Permian to the Cretaceous, there are only sporadic outcrops—mainly terrigenous sand and mudstone—in Zhaoyang district. The Paleogene mainly consists of sand, mudstone and thick lignite. The bottom of the Neogene is mainly composed of conglomerate with a small amount of limestone and sandstone; the clay soil is interbedded with gravel in the middle part; the grey clay soil is interbedded with siltstone at the bottom. The Quaternary system is filled with swampy sediments of clays, silts, etc. and abundant biological fossils, such as ostracods, stonewort, ichthyodont and viviparus. The results show that the geological relics of Zhaoyang district can be divided into western region and eastern region. The western region is a basalt platform like Dashanbao, including volcanic landform, plateau lakes and wetland. The eastern region takes carbonate rock karst landform of Zhaotong mountain basin as the center by paleontological fossil landscape. The abundant lithology, like carbonate rock, shale, sandstone, basalt and so on, contributes to karst development and karst geomorphology difference. The tectonic landforms formed by different degrees of fault-fold are the main factors of the differentiation of geological relics. Under background of stratigraphic lithology and tectonic geomorphology, hydrologic conditions provide external dynamic factors for abundant geological landscapes. Our research is of great scientific value of geological relics resources in Zhaotong, and also provides a basis for studies on mammal fossils in Late Neogene. It is concluded as follows, (1) Geological relics of Zhaoyang district in Zhaotong City include canyon landform, volcanic landform, karst landform, plateau lake, wetland and fossil landscape, etc., with great value of tourism. (2) Abundant stratigraphic lithology is the basis for the development of different geological relics. Two sets of outcrops of carbonate rocks widely shaped the modern geological landscape with karst landform and water landform in the study area. Vertically, the strata of Zhaoyang district are characterized by an interphase pattern of three sets of water-resisting rock series and two sets of water-bearing rock series, being the geological foundation of geological relics. From the bottom to the top of strata are distributed the water-resisting rock series mainly composed of mudstone from the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation to the Canglangpu Formation, the water-bearing rock series composed of carbonate rock and diamictite from the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation to the Ordovician Daqing Formation, the water-resisting rock series mainly composed of sand and mudstone with marine-terrestrial transitional facies from the Silurian Longmaxi Formation to the Devonian Hongyapo Formation, the water-bearing rock series composed of carbonate rock from the Devonian Qujing Formation to the Permian Maokou Formation, and the water-resisting rock series composed of the Permian Emei basalt. (3) The tectonic process forms a structural pattern of east-west differences in Zhaoyang district, controlling the distribution pattern of geological relics in this district. The reasons are as follows: the Indosinian Movement caused the overall uplift of the northeastern Yunnan into land; the Yanshan movement formed open and gentle folds in the west and relatively tight folds and large-scale faults in the east, resulting in east-west differences; the Xishan movement formed the Zhaotong intermountain basin, caused strong downward erosion of rivers, and controlled the direction of groundwater runoff, becoming a direct controlling factor for the formation of geological relics in Zhaoyang district. -
Key words:
- geological relic /
- basalt platform /
- biofossil /
- karst landform /
- northeastern Yunnan
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图 1 研究区位置及区域地质概况
a.昭通市地理位置 b.昭阳区地理位置 c.昭阳区区域地质简图
Figure 1. Geological overview and location of the study area
a. location of Zhaotong City b. location of Zhaoyang district c.geological map of Zhaoyang district
图 3 昭阳区典型地质遗迹分布图
Figure 3. Distribution of typical geological relics in Zhaoyang district
图 4 昭阳区西部玄武岩台地地质遗迹
a.高原人工湖泊（跳蹲河水库）及周围的山川和草场，黑颈鹤越冬栖息地（昭阳区大山包自然保护区） b.大山包仙人田湿地 c.鸡公山及鸡公山大峡谷d.玄武岩石球，直径为50~140 cm e.石灰岩构造崩塌，箭头所示方解石酷似“卧佛”，长60 cm，在峡谷边缘或形成石灰岩地貌景观，亦可形成地质灾害（炎山乡） f.金沙江边支流山体上的大型滑坡全貌及滑坡主体，滑坡体上有密集的村庄（大寨子乡水塘村）
Figure 4. Geological relics of basalt platform in western Zhaoyang district
a. plateau artificial lake (Tiaodunhe reservoir) and its surrounding mountains and grasslands; it is the wintering habitat for black-necked cranes called Dashanbao nature reserve in Zhaoyang district; b. Dashanbao Xianrentian wetland; c. Jigong mountain and its grand canyon d. basalt stone ball with diameter of 50–140 cm; e. tectonic collapse of limestone; the calcite indicated by arrow resembles "reclining Buddha" with length of 60 cm in the canyon rim, which may form limestone geomorphic landscape or geological disaster in Yanshan township; f. general view and main body of large-scale landslide on the hill of tributary of Jinsha river; there is a dense village on the slope, called Shuitang village in Dazhaizi township
图 5 东部昭通盆地及周边山地地质遗迹
a.昭通盆地南部煤化石遗迹，蓝色房子为养殖场，地层由灰黑色厚层褐煤与深灰色粉砂质泥岩组成，遗迹长127 m，宽116 m b.褐煤层中剑齿象化石埋藏状态（水塘坝） c.大龙洞中的水潭及潭中石灰岩块，可能为洞顶掉落（北闸镇大龙洞公园内，小洞洞口宽约2 m） d.昭通盆地东缘岩溶地貌中的峰丛洼地和串珠状分布的落水洞（昭阳区小龙洞乡大咀口村附近） e.昭通盆地西部昭鲁河边的葡萄井（昭阳区旧圃镇） f.昭通盆地西部洒渔河谷地（昭鲁河与冷水河交汇形成洒渔河）
Figure 5. Geological relics of the eastern Zhaotong basin and of its surrounding mountains
a. coal fossil relics in southern Zhaotong basin; the blue house is culturing farm; the formation is composed of gray black thick lignite and dark gray silty mudstone; the relics are 127 m long and 116 m wide b. burial status of stegodon fossils in lignite reservoir in Shuitang dam; c. the water pool in Dalong cave and the limestone block; the limestone block may be fell from the roof of the cave; the entrance of the small cave is about 2 m wide in the Dalong cave park in Beizha town; d. peak cluster depression and beaded sinkhole in the eastern margin of Zhaotong basin, near Dajukou village, Xiaolongdong township, Zhaoyang district; e. grape well by the Zhaolu river in the west of Zhaotong basin, Jiupu town, Zhaoyang district f. valley of Sayu river in western Zhaotong basin; Sayu river is converged by Zhaolu river and Lengshui river
图 6 昭阳区地貌与地质遗迹类型示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of geomorphology and its geological relic types in Zhaoyang district
图 7 昭阳区地质遗迹成因演化示意图
Figure 7. Genesis evolution of geological relics in Zhaoyang district
表 1 昭阳区主要地质遗迹类型
Table 1. Main types of geological relics in Zhaoyang district
大类 类 亚类 主要地质遗迹 地层 构造单元 地质灾害 灾害景观 滑坡 水塘村滑坡 茅口组 莲峰断裂带 地貌景观 构造地貌 峡谷 大山包鸡公山大峡谷 二叠系 观音岩断裂 火山岩地貌 火山岩地貌 大山包鸡公山（柱状节理） 峨眉玄武岩 玄武岩高地 水文地貌 湿地—沼泽 大山包仙人田湿地 湖泊 大山包仙鹤湖（跳蹲河水库） 乐居鱼洞水库 白莎背斜南末端 岩土体地貌 岩溶地貌 北闸镇大龙洞 茅口组 箐门背斜北西翼 大垭口村小型峰丛洼地和峰丛谷地 地质历史 重要化石产地 古人类化石 塘房村大过山洞古人类遗址 昭通组 五寨向斜北西翼 古动物化石 水塘坝剑齿象集中发现地 昭通盆地 三善堂剑齿象化石零星发现地 三棵树剑齿象化石零星发现地 红泥闸剑齿象化石零星发现地 
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