石漠化治理区表层岩溶泉流量衰减分析及无机碳通量估算

罗振宇; 杨琰; 李计; 肖文杰; 孙婷婷; 叶枝茂

doi:10.11932/karst2023y011

石漠化治理区表层岩溶泉流量衰减分析及无机碳通量估算——以重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷老泉为例

doi: 10.11932/karst2023y011

罗振宇^{1, 2,},
杨琰^{1, 2, ,},
李计^{1, 2},
肖文杰^{1, 2},
孙婷婷^{1, 2},
叶枝茂^{1, 2}

1.
西南大学地理科学学院岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400715
2.
重庆金佛山喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 重庆 400715

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42277048）；国家重点研发计划子课题（2016YFC050230205）

详细信息

作者简介:
罗振宇（1996－），男，硕士研究生，主要从事岩溶环境变化研究。E-mail：956458061@qq.com

通讯作者:
杨琰（1976－），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事岩溶关键带水资源与水环境研究。E-mail：yy2954@swu.edu.cn

中图分类号: Ｘ171.4;Ｐ641.134
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-13
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-07
- 刊出日期: 2023-04-25

Flow attenuation analysis and inorganic carbon flux estimation of surface karst spring in rocky desertification control area: A case study at Laoquan spring in the Longtan trough valley, Youyang county, Chongqing City, China

LUO Zhenyu^{1, 2
,},
YANG Yan^{1, 2
, ,},
LI Ji^{1, 2},
XIAO Wenjie^{1, 2},
SUN Tingting^{1, 2},
YE Zhimao^{1, 2}

1.
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2.
National Observation and Research Station of Karst Ecosystem in Jinfo Mountain of Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China

摘要

摘要: 应对“双碳”目标，加强岩溶石漠化综合治理工作，地下水是关键。为探究重庆市酉阳县龙潭槽谷石漠化治理区岩溶泉的流量衰减及无机碳通量变化特征，采用流量衰减方程与水化学径流法对研究点老泉进行模拟与分析。结果表明：（1）老泉的流量衰减分为两个亚动态，衰减系数分别为0.089 2、0.019 6，其具有双重性含水介质特征。（2）暴雨期老泉的碳通量随流量变化的特征明显；而伏旱期（7月底－8月底）老泉的碳通量与土壤CO₂、泉水CO₂均具有明显的昼夜变化特征，表现为夜间低、日间高。（3）老泉夏季的碳通量与降水量呈正相关（R=0.78），与蒸发量呈负相关（R=−0.36），气候的不稳定性变化对碳通量影响显著。老泉的月${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$浓度与月土壤CO₂浓度的相关系数为0.64，${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$敏感地响应土壤CO₂的变化；而老泉年碳通量与年土壤CO₂浓度的相关系数为0.90，且年均δ¹³C_DIC呈偏负趋势，土地利用变化（植被恢复）有利于土壤CO₂及老泉碳通量的增加。（4）老泉2018-2021年的碳通量呈波动上升趋势，年均无机碳通量为15.05 t·km⁻²·a⁻¹。研究结果能为石漠化生态恢复治理工作提供参考。
- 岩溶泉 /
- 流量衰减 /
- 碳通量 /
- 岩溶石漠化 /
- 重庆市酉阳县
Abstract: The rational utilization of groundwater resources is the key to achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, strengthening the comprehensive control of karst rock desertification and soil erosion in the ecological environment. On the southern wing of Tongmaling anticline in southeast Chongqing, Longtan trough valley—a part of Wuling Mountain area—is located in Youyang county, Chongqing City, China. The karst development is strong in the trough valley area, and the distribution of groundwater is extensive. At the same time, the problem of rocky desertification is severe in this area, so the efficient utilization of water resources and ecological restoration are especially important. The objective of this study is to explore the flow characteristics of karst spring and structure types of aquifer medium, and to further analyze the variation characteristics of inorganic carbon flux in the ecological restoration area of rock desertification control. In this study, the flow attenuation equation and hydrochemical runoff method are used to estimate and analyze attenuation process and inorganic carbon flux of Laoquan spring based on the re-vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area in Longtan trough valley in Youyang county, Chongqing City, Southwest China. The results show that: (1) The flow attenuation process of Laoquan spring is divided into two sub-dynamics with attenuation coefficients of 0.0892 and 0.0196, respectively. The attenuation process of this spring mainly occurs on the first sub-dynamics. In the aquifer medium of groundwater system, the ratio of pipeline to fissure is significant. The strong water conduction effect of aquifer medium leads to the weak capacity of Laoquan spring to regulate and store rainfall infiltration water. (2) The variation process of the carbon flux of Laoquan spring during the rainstorm period is divided into four stages, and the carbon flux has obvious variation characteristics with the flow. The carbon flux during the rainstorm period is 97.64 kg·km⁻²·d⁻¹. In the summer drought period (from the end of July to the end of August), the carbon flux of Laoquan spring has obvious diurnal variation characteristics, low at night and high in the day. The soil CO₂ concentration, water CO₂ concentration and carbon flux of Laoquan spring are synchronized in the diurnal variation, and the carbon flux in the summer drought period is 18.23 kg·km⁻²·d⁻¹. (3) The climate instability can affect the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The precipitation of this spring in summer is positively correlated with the carbon flux (R=0.78), and the evaporation is negatively correlated with the carbon flux (R=−0.36). The change of land use mode has a significant effect on the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The correlation coefficient between ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ concentration and soil CO₂ concentration based on the monthly mean value of Laoquan spring is 0.64, indicating that ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ in Laoquan spring sensitively responds to the change of soil CO₂. The correlation coefficient between the annual spring carbon flux and the annual soil CO₂ concentration is 0.90, and the average annual δ₁₃C_DIC shows an obvious negative trend, indicating that land use change (Vegetation Restoration) is conducive to the increasing of soil CO₂ concentration and carbon flux. (4) From 2018 to 2021, the carbon flux in Laoquan spring was 11.66, 10.33, 21.31 and 16.9 t·km⁻²·a⁻¹, respectively, showing an increasing trend with fluctuation. The annual inorganic carbon flux is 15.05 t·km⁻²·a⁻¹(CO₂). The carbon sink capacity should be enhanced by the improvement of comprehensive control measures of rocky desertification. Therefore, in the process of rocky desertification control, it is necessary to make scientific use of karst water resources and heighten the awareness of karst environment protection, especially the scientific use and management of water resources in summer rainstorm and summer drought. In addition, it is necessary to boost regional carbon sink capacity by restoring natural dominant vegetation in rocky desertification control areas.
- karst spring /
- flow attenuation /
- carbon flux /
- karst rocky desertification /
- Youyang county in Chongqing City

HTML

图 1 龙潭槽谷水文地质概况图（a-水文地质平面图，b-石漠化治理区卫星图（据Google Earth），c-老泉实景图，d-水文地质剖面图（修改自参考文献[25]））

Figure 1. Hydrogeological survey of Longtan trough valley (a- Hydrogeological map, b- Satellite map of rocky desertification control area (based on Google Earth), c- Map of Laoquan spring, d- Hydrogeological profile [25])

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图 2 龙潭槽谷老泉的降水流量变化曲线

注：虚线部分数据因仪器故障而缺失

Figure 2. Variation curve of precipitation discharge in Laoquan spring of Longtan trough valley

Part of the dotted line data is missing due to the instrument failure

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图 3 老泉200506号暴雨的流量衰减过程

Figure 3. Flow attenuation process of rainstorm No. 200506 in Laoquan spring

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图 4 老泉${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$与电导率EC的相关性

Figure 4. Correlation between ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ and EC in Laoquan spring

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图 5 老泉210628号暴雨期间的碳通量变化

Figure 5. Variation of carbon flux during Rainstorm No. 210628 in Laoquan spring

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图 6 老泉夏季伏旱期的土－水CO₂－碳通量的变化

Figure 6. Changes of soil－water CO₂－carbon flux of Laoquan spring during the summer drought period

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图 7 老泉2018-2021年土－水CO₂－碳通量的变化（注：虚线部分数据因仪器故障而缺失）

Figure 7. Changes of soil－water CO₂－carbon flux of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021. Part of the dotted line data is missing due to instrument failure

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图 8 老泉岩溶产物浓度与土壤CO₂浓度的相关性

Figure 8. Correlation between the concentration of karst products of Laoquan spring and the concentration of soil CO₂

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图 9 老泉夏季月降水量、月蒸发量与月碳通量的相关性

Figure 9. Correlation analysis between monthly precipitation, monthly evaporation and monthly carbon flux of Laoquan spring in Summer

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表 1 2018-2021年伏旱期（7月21日-8月31日）老泉的气候与流量情况

Table 1. Climate and discharge of Laoquan spring during the drought period (from July 21 to August 31) from 2018 to 2021

时间/年	2018	2019	2020	2021	多年平均值
降水总量/mm	1 485.2	1 461.6	1 500.2	1 429.8	1 470.0
伏旱期降水量/mm	103.8	139.6	216.8	491.2	237.9
伏旱期蒸发量/mm	166.9	178.7	178.7	226.9	187.8
伏旱期干旱天数/天	29	31	29	19	27
伏旱期降水天数/天	13	11	13	23	15
伏旱期高温天数（大于35 ℃）/天	27	29	23	25	26
伏旱期断流天数/天	37	34	18	23	28
伏旱期流量/L·s⁻¹	0	0.03	0.65	2.38	0.76

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表 2 老泉200506号暴雨的流量衰减参数

Table 2. Flow attenuation parameters of Rainstorm No. 200506 in Laoquan spring

岩溶水系统	亚动态	衰减系数/15 min	持续时间/h	含水介质储水量/m³	亚动态占总储水量之比/%	总储水量/m³
老泉	一	0.089 2	9	620.43	84	739.26
老泉	二	0.019 6	21	118.83	16	739.26

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表 3 老泉210628号暴雨期间流量与碳通量参数

Table 3. Flow and carbon flux parameters during Rainstorm No.210628 in Laoquan spring

阶段	平均流量/L·s⁻¹	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$平均浓度/mg·L⁻¹	持续时间/h	各阶段累计的碳通量/kg·km⁻²·d⁻¹	累计碳通量/kg·km⁻²·d⁻¹
①	0	227.53	6	0	97.64
②	38.52	127.49	1.5	9.25
③	31.75	140.30	10.5	64.43
④	3.25	181.78	29	23.96

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表 4 老泉2018-2021年的水文水化学与碳通量参数

Table 4. Hydrochemical features and carbon sink flux of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021

时间/年	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$浓度/mg·L⁻¹	CO₂消耗量/mg·L⁻¹	年均流量/L·s⁻¹	无机碳通量/t·km⁻²·a⁻¹
2018年	197.23	71.13	4.68	11.66
2019年	234.85	84.70	3.48	10.33
2020年	231.03	83.32	7.30	21.31
2021年	239.64	86.43	5.58	16.90
平均值	225.69	81.40	5.26	15.05

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表 5 老泉2018-2021年碳通量与土壤CO₂浓度的相关性分析

Table 5. Correlation analysis between carbon flux and soil CO₂ concentration of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021

		年平均土壤CO₂浓度/mL·m⁻³
年碳通量/t·km⁻²·a⁻¹	Pearson 相关性	0.903
	显著性（双侧）	0.097
	N	4

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表 6 2018-2021年老泉δ¹³C_DIC的变化趋势

Table 6. Variation trend of δ¹³C_DIC of Laoquan spring from 2018 to 2021

时间（年/月）	2018年	2019年	2020年	2021年
时间（年/月）	实测值/‰	实测值/‰	实测值/‰	实测值/‰
1月	−	−10.13	−10.90	−10.56
2月	−	−8.58	−	−10.30
3月	−	−	−	−10.62
4月	−	−9.63	−	−10.29
5月	−11.62	−10.37	−	−11.47
6月	−11.72	−8.92	−11.26	−10.23
7月	−11.19	−9.45	−11.99	−12.10
8月	−11.17	−8.46	−11.91	−
9月	−11.03	−11.74	−12.25	−12.22
10月	−10.06	−9.84	−12.36	−11.58
11月	−10.59	−10.46	−11.35	−11.11
12月	−9.89	−10.82	−11.41	−11.36
年平均值/‰	−10.91	−9.85	−11.68	−11.08
注：−代表数据缺失。

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