缅甸岩溶地质概况

韦延兰; 李文莉; 黄晨晖; 秦凤蕊

doi:10.11932/karst2023y006

缅甸岩溶地质概况

doi: 10.11932/karst2023y006

中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目: 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费（2002372017001）；广西科技计划项目“岩溶碳汇应对全球气候变化科普创新模式研究”（桂科AD22035107）

详细信息

作者简介:
韦延兰（1987－），女，助理研究员，研究方向为岩溶地质。E-mail：weiyanlan@mail.cgs.gov.cn

通讯作者:
李文莉（1987－），男，副研究员，研究方向为岩溶地质。E-mail：liwenli@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P642.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-13
- 刊出日期: 2023-11-28

An overview of karst geology in Myanmar

Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & GZAR/International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要: 缅甸岩溶地质研究正处于快速发展阶段，系统综合的岩溶地质资料有助于从宏观上了解缅甸岩溶情况。文章在系统收集资料的基础上，综合多种尺度地质图、水文地质图、构造图及其遥感资料，编制1∶100万缅甸岩溶地质分布图，从地质演化过程、岩性组合、气候环境等方面综合剖析岩溶作用的背景条件，以此总结缅甸岩溶分布规律和岩溶景观特征，为“全球岩溶地质”数据库提供基础支持。缅甸的岩溶分布面积达7×10⁴ km²，是东南亚岩溶分布面积第二大的国家，厚层的古生代碳酸盐岩地层、复杂的构造运动、温润多雨的气候、活跃的生物活动等均有利于岩溶作用的发生，其发育峰林、峰丛、洞穴岩溶景观，岩溶景观资源潜力巨大，具有全球最高的生物多样性，但同时也面临着生态被破坏、干旱、洪涝等地质环境问题。
- 缅甸 /
- 岩溶地质 /
- 岩溶景观 /
- 洞穴
Abstract: With a widespread area of karst accounting for about 12% of the national territory, Myanmar, the second largest country in Southeast Asia in terms of karst area, has great potential of karst resources. However, due to outdated infrastructure and other reasons, the research on karst geology in Myanmar started late with a weak foundation. Having been in the developing stage of karst geology research in Myanmar, comprehensive karst geological data is conducive to understanding karst in this country. On the basis of systematic data collection, this study synthesizes remote sensing data with geologic map, hydrogeologic map, and structural map on various scales. It comprehensively analyzes the background conditions of karstification from the geological evolution process, lithologic combination, and climate and environment, and summarizes the karst distribution law and the characteristics of karst landscape in Myanmar.Extending to the borders of Thailand, Laos and China, karst in Myanmar covers an area of 70,000 km², distributed in the high land and mountainous area of Shan State to the east of the Irrawaddy River and the south of Andaman Sea. Some karst landforms are also developed in Kachin State in the north, Chin State in the west and Sagaing State in the northwest. Mainly developed in the Permian-Lower Triassic limestone and Early Ordovician limestone, karst on the Shan Plateau in the east is the largest karst area in Myanmar, with an area of about 63,000 km². The belt-shaped karst extends 1,500 kilometers from Shan State to Myeik Archipelago in a south-north direction. Intensity of karstification in Myanmar is controlled by many geological factors such as stratigraphic lithology, geological structure and environment. Thick Paleozoic carbonate strata, warm and rainy climate, complex tectonic movements and active biological activities are all conducive to the occurrence of karstification. The thick layers of Permian-Triassic, Triassic, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, pure limestone, and dolomite are the main layers of karst development, especially 5,000-meter-thick Permian-Triassic limestone in Shan State. With the highest biodiversity in the world, active biological activities in Myanmar facilitate karstification. The karst landform in Myanmar is controlled by stratigraphic lithology, with the development of peak forests, peak clusters, and karst cave landscapes. From north to south, karst landforms change from limestone ridges, canyons, cluster-peak depressions to peak forest plains. Hpa-an is a transitional area from high mountain karst to depression karst.
- Myanmar /
- karst geology /
- karst landscape /
- cave

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图 1 缅甸构造简图（a）^[33-35]和缅甸地质简图（b）^[46-47]

Figure 1. Structural map (a) and geological sketch map (b) of Myanmar

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图 2 缅甸岩溶地质分布图^[46-47]

Figure 2. Karst distribution in Myanmar

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图 3 Namun Spring洞穴^[71]

Figure 3. Namun Spring Cave

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图 4 Kyauk Khaung洞穴^[71]

Figure 4. Kyauk Khaung Cave

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表 1 缅甸岩溶主要发育层位、特征及分布

Table 1. Main karst development layers, characteristics and distribution in Myanmar

序号	地层名称	地层年代	厚度/m	分布区域	特征	来源
1	Natteik	二叠系–三叠系	1 000	掸邦南部	透镜状石灰岩，发育峰林岩溶、落水洞	[48]
2	Nwebangyi	二叠系–三叠系	2 500~5 000	掸邦北部	高度角砾状白云岩、白云质灰岩、碎屑灰岩，局部发育鲕状灰岩，发育洼地、大型洞穴和天坑	[49]
3	Thitsipin	二叠系–三叠系	700~1 100	掸邦南部	石灰岩、白云岩，发育南北向山脊、落水洞、天坑、岩溶峡谷、洞穴，峰丛洼地	[48]
4	Moulmein	二叠系	<1 000	孟邦–德林达依省、克伦邦、克耶邦	石灰岩，发育崎岖岩溶山	[50]
5	Maymyo	泥盆系	几千米	眉谬	含化石白云质石灰岩	[51]
6	Nyaungbaw	志留系	几千米	眉谬	红色、棕褐色、灰色、蓝色石灰岩，含大量泥质物质	[51]
7	Wunbye	奥陶系	1 200~1 800	掸邦南部	粗晶状石灰岩；发育岩溶高地，发育大量的洞穴和天坑，洞穴大多平行于层理发育	[51]
8	Lokepyin	奥陶系	400~900	掸邦南部	蓝色石灰岩夹薄层粉砂岩	[51]

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表 2 缅甸主要岩溶区年平均降雨量（2011-2020）

Table 2. Annual average rainfall in the karst areas of Myanmar (2011-2020)

序号	地区	降雨量/mm·a⁻¹
1	克钦邦	2 339.4
2	克耶邦	894.2
3	克伦邦	3 217.6
4	钦邦	1 832.5
5	实皆省	1 445.1
6	德林达依省	5 088.7
7	勃固省	2 088.4
8	孟邦	4 726.2
9	若开邦	4 455.4
10	掸邦	1 359.8

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表 3 缅甸已知最长洞穴列表（截止2020年4月）^[32]

Table 3. Longest cave of Myanmar (by the end of April, 2020)

序号	洞穴名称	位置	长度/m
1	Som Hein	Monghpyak	11 600
2	Kyauk Khaung (Stone Cave)	Ywangan	4790
3	Phruno River Cave	Hpruso	4 580*
4	Red River Cave	Bawlakhe	4 095
5	Namun Spring Cave	Pinlaung	2 628
6	Kyet Cave	Loikaw	2 194
7	Stone Spring Cave	Ywangan	1 917
8	Ho Hwe Cave	Hopon	1 875
9	Mondowa Guh	Taunggyi	1 770
10	Hopon Spring Cave	Hopon	1 655
11	Na Gar Gu (Dragon Cave)	Ywangan	1 654
12	White water Buffalo and Tiger Cave	Hopon	1 343
13	Ya Thay Pyan	Hpa-An	1 252
14	Phoe Inn Cave	Ywangan	1 210
注：表示未完成探测，不是最终的长度。 Note: indicates that the probe is uncompleted, so, it is not the final length.

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