基于长期监测的济南趵突泉水文地球化学演化规律研究

柳浩然; 张文强; 刘文; 马雪莹; 关琴; 张海林

doi:10.11932/karst20230516

基于长期监测的济南趵突泉水文地球化学演化规律研究

doi: 10.11932/karst20230516

柳浩然^{1, 2,},
张文强^{1, 2},
刘文^{1, 2, ,},
马雪莹^{1, 2},
关琴^{1, 2},
张海林^{1, 2}

1.
山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队, 山东济南 250014
2.
山东省地质矿产勘查开发局地下水资源与环境重点实验室, 山东济南 250014

基金项目: 山东省地质勘查项目（鲁勘字（2021）46号）；自然资源部/广西岩溶动力学重点实验室开放基金（KDL201804）；山东省地矿局八〇一队科技创新项目（2022JBGS801-13）；山东省地矿局地质勘查与科技创新项目（HJ202110）

详细信息

作者简介:
柳浩然（1986－），男，硕士，工程师，从事地下水环境监测研究。E-mail：lhr801@126.com

通讯作者:
刘文（1986－），男，博士，高级工程师，从事岩溶地下水碳循环研究。E-mail：liuwen19851205@163.com

中图分类号: P641.3
计量
- 文章访问数: 188
- HTML浏览量: 94
- PDF下载量: 47
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-20
- 录用日期: 2023-07-17
- 修回日期: 2023-07-04
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-01

Hydrogeochemical evolution characteristics of Baotu Spring in Jinan City, based on long-term monitoring

LIU Haoran^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Wenqiang^{1, 2},
LIU Wen^{1, 2
, ,},
MA Xueying^{1, 2},
GUAN Qin^{1, 2},
ZHANG Hailin^{1, 2}

1.
801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China

摘要

摘要: 为了做好泉水保护工作，文章基于济南趵突泉60多年水文地球化学监测数据，动态分析趵突泉水文地球化学演化规律。结果显示：济南趵突泉水中${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$、Ca²⁺分别为阴、阳离子优势离子，${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$、Cl⁻、Na⁺+K⁺等占比逐渐增加，水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主，且呈现多元化、复杂化趋势；趵突泉水化学组分主要来源于水−岩作用，主要受碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩矿物风化溶解的共同作用，且呈现出向硅酸盐岩风化溶解偏移的趋势，Cl⁻存在除岩盐矿物溶解外的其他来源并逐年增加，石膏溶解作用产生的Ca²⁺、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$浓度逐渐增加，指示了石膏溶解作用在不断增强。氯碱指数反映了趵突泉水存在反向阳离子交换作用，且枯水期较丰水期强。矿物饱和指数指示了趵突泉总体处于过饱和状态，且总体上丰水期较枯水期、平水期偏高。研究表明，济南趵突泉水文地球化学特征主要受水−岩作用控制，农业活动、生活污水和人工补源等人类活动因素在不同历史时期对趵突泉水化学组分产生影响。
- 趵突泉 /
- 水文地球化学 /
- 演化规律 /
- 矿物饱和指数
Abstract: Baotu Spring in Jinan City is of great significance in the fields of ecological regulation, history and culture, tourism economy, etc.; therefore, it is urgent to study its hydrogeochemical evolution characteristics and genesis mechanism, so as to provide a scientific basis for the high-quality protection of Baotu Spring. Based on the long-term hydrogeochemical monitoring data of Baotu Spring, its water chemical dynamic characteristics as well as its hydrogeochemical evolution over past 60 years have been analyzed in this study.The results show that the chemical composition of Baotu Spring presented a significant regularity from 1958 to 2022. The average contents of main ions in Baotu spring were ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$, Ca²⁺, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, Cl⁻, ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ in a descending order, among which ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ and Ca²⁺ were the dominant ions of anion and cation in spring water. The variation coefficients of ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ and Na⁺ contents were relatively large, indicating the varieties of groundwater environment in different periods. The variation coefficients of ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contents were relatively small, showing that the source of related ions was stable. The specific gravity of ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$, Cl⁻, and Na⁺+K⁺ gradually increased, and the hydrochemical type evolved from HCO₃-Ca to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca. In recent years, the hydrochemical type has shown the HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na type in several periods, indicating that the water chemical components of Baotu Spring are increasingly complex and diversified. The water chemical components of Baotu Spring in the Gibbs chart showed a trend of upward shift to the right, indicating that this spring was mainly controlled by water-rock interaction, and was increasingly influenced by other factors such as human activities. The ion ratio method indicates that the mineral weathering dissolution of Baotu Spring shifts from carbonate rock to silicate rock, and the ratio of (K⁺+Na⁺)/Cl⁻ is generally below and gradually away from the line of 1∶1, indicating that there are other sources of Cl⁻ different from those of Na⁺, and the sources have increased year by year. The contents of Ca²⁺ and ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ ions in Baotu Spring show a gradual increasing trend, which indicates that the dissolution of carbonate rock has increased gradually. In addition, the Chlor-alkali index (CAI) shows that the water-rock interaction in Baotu Spring is dominated by the dissolution of carbonate rock, while the dissolution of gypsum and silicate rock plays a secondary role, but has gradually increased, indicating that the spring recharge area in the southern part of the gypsum and silicate rock stratum has a stronger recharge effect on groundwater runoff in Baotu Spring. The cation exchange in Baotu Spring is weak on the whole, but it has gradually increased over the years, and the cation exchange is stronger in the dry season than the wet season. The mineral saturation index of Baotu Spring is in a supersaturation state as a whole, and its dispersion becomes larger with the passage of time. Over the years, the mineral saturation index of Baotu Spring during the wet season has been generally higher than that during the dry season and normal season, but the performance is various in different periods. From 1950s to 1980s, the mineral saturation index of Baotu Spring during the wet season was lower than that during the dry season, and the mineral saturation index of Baotu Spring during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season after 1990s, indicating that with the increase of human activities in different historical periods, the source of groundwater and the water-rock interaction changed in dry and wet seasons. The contents of ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$/Cl⁻ and Cl⁻ increased first and then decreased under the influence of agricultural activities and domestic sewage discharge. In 1950s–1960s, the contents were greatly influenced by agricultural activities. Since 2000s, with the continuous improvement of spring protection and ecological environment, agricultural activities have gradually weakened the effect, while the influence caused by emission of domestic sewage and other human activities have been strengthened by degrees. Due to the influence of other human activities other than gypsum dissolution, the contents of ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ have increased gradually since 2010s.In summary, in the quasi-natural state from 1950s to 1960s, the contents of chemical components of Baotu Spring were relatively low. From 1970s to 1980s, the contents were increasingly influenced by agricultural activities, industrial and mining activities and domestic sewage discharge. From 1990s to 2000s, the contents of ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$, Cl⁻ and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ gradually increased under the comprehensive influence of human activities such as agricultural pollution in the recharge area, industrial and mining activities, domestic waste landfill, etc. Since 2010, the pollution of industrial and mining enterprises and domestic life has alleviated, and the protection measures of Baotu Spring such as ecological groundwater recharge have become normal. The contents of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in non-carbonate karst hydrolysis increased gradually, and the contents of Cl⁻ and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ affected by human activities increased significantly. The research shows that the water chemical components of Baotu Spring have mainly come from the water-rock interaction since 1958, and the influence of human activities has been increasing continuously. In different historical periods, different human activities (agricultural activities, industrial and mining activities, groundwater recharge, etc.) have different effects on the hydrogeochemical evolution of Baotu Spring.
- Baotu Spring /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- evolution characteristics /
- mineral saturation index

HTML

图 1 Piper三线图

Figure 1. Piper diagram of Baotu Spring

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 趵突泉水化学Gibbs图

Figure 2. Gibbs diagram of Baotu Spring

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 趵突泉主要离子关系图

Figure 3. Relationships of selected ions in Baotu Spring

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 趵突泉氯碱指数和离子关系图

Figure 4. Chlor-alkali indexes and hydrochemical relationships of Baotu Spring

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 矿物饱和指数动态及关系图

Figure 5. Dynamics and relationships of mineral saturation indexes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 人类活动相关离子关系图

Figure 6. Relationships of ions related to human activities

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 趵突泉水化学参数统计表

Table 1. Statistics of hydrochemical parameters of Baotu Spring

特征值	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl⁻	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$	总硬度	TDS	pH
最小值	0.50	1.66	43.28	8.63	7.55	2.35	122.23	0.10	151.48	88.89	7.01
最大值	3.08	58.03	131.26	23.21	73.20	240.02	292.00	50.50	418.15	559.37	8.40
平均值	1.18	17.09	88.81	16.77	34.73	60.25	243.06	28.12	292.70	373.22	7.70
标准差	0.54	10.47	23.59	3.61	16.54	41.00	33.10	13.05	69.11	115.77	0.28
变异系数	0.46	0.61	0.27	0.22	0.48	0.68	0.14	0.46	0.24	0.31	0.04
注：单位为mg·L⁻¹，pH为无量纲，变异系数为无量纲，总硬度以CaCO₃计。 Note: Unit is mg·L⁻¹; pH is dimensionless; variation coefficient is dimensionless; total hardness is calculated by CaCO_3.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 趵突泉矿物饱和指数统计表

Table 2. Statistics of mineral saturation indexes

矿物饱和指数特征值	SIc			SId			样本量/个
矿物饱和指数特征值	最大值	最小值	平均值	最大值	最小值	平均值	样本量/个
枯水期	1.03	0.11	0.47	1.53	−0.2	0.47	26
平水期	1.13	−0.20	0.40	1.75	−0.89	0.32	14
丰水期	1.22	−0.09	0.55	1.96	−0.76	0.63	30

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(39)

[1]	高帅, 李常锁, 贾超, 孙斌, 张海林, 逄伟. 济南趵突泉泉域岩溶水化学特征时空差异性研究[J]. 地质学报, 2019, 93 (Suppl.1): 61-70. GAO Shuai, LI Changsuo, JIA Chao, SUN Bin, ZHANG Hailin, PANG Wei. Spatiotemporal difference study of karst hydrochemical characteristics in the Baotu Spring area of Jinan[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2019, 93(Suppl.1): 61-70.
[2]	孙斌, 邢立亭, 李常锁. 趵突泉泉域岩溶水典型污染组分变化特征及污染途径[J]. 中国岩溶, 2018, 37(6): 810-818. SUN Bin, XING Liting, LI Changsuo. Variation of typical pollution components and pollution way of karst water in Baotu Spring region[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2018, 37(6): 810-818.
[3]	孙斌, 彭玉明. 济南泉域边界条件、水循环特征及水环境问题[J]. 中国岩溶, 2014, 33(3): 272-279. SUN Bin, PENG Yuming. Boundary condition, water cycle and water environment changes in the Jinan spring region[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2014, 33(3): 272-279.
[4]	徐军祥, 邢立亭, 佟光玉, 范立芹. 济南泉域地下水环境演化与保护[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2004, 31(6):69-73. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3665.2004.06.015 XU Junxiang, XING Liting, TONG Guangyu, FAN Liqin. Groundwater environment evolution and its conservation in Jinan spring catchment[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2004, 31(6):69-73. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3665.2004.06.015
[5]	王茂枚, 束龙仓, 季叶飞, 陶玉飞, 董贵明, 刘丽红. 济南岩溶泉水流量衰减原因分析及动态模拟[J]. 中国岩溶, 2008, 27(1):19-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2008.01.004 WANG Maomei, SHU Longcang, JI Yefei, TAO Yufei, DONG Guiming, LIU Lihong. Causes of spring's of flux attenuation and simulation of spring's regime: A case in Jinan karst spring area[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2008, 27(1):19-23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2008.01.004
[6]	邢立亭, 周娟, 宋广增, 邢学睿. 济南四大泉群泉水补给来源混合比探讨[J]. 地学前缘, 2018, 25(3): 260-272. XING Liting, ZHOU Juan, SONG Guangzeng, XING Xuerui. Mixing ratios of recharging water sources for the four largest spring groups in Jinan[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2018, 25(3): 260-272.
[7]	王焰新, 马腾, 郭清海, 马瑞. 地下水与环境变化研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2005, 12(Suppl.l):14-21. WANG Yanxin, MA Teng, GUO Qinghai, MA Rui. Groundwater and environmental change[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2005, 12(Suppl.l):14-21.
[8]	黄奇波, 覃小群, 刘朋雨, 程瑞瑞, 李腾芳. 柳林泉域岩溶地下水区域演化规律及控制因素[J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(5): 2132-2142. HUANG Qibo, QIN Xiaoqun, LIU Pengyu, CHENG Ruirui, LI Tengfang. Regional evolution and control factors of karst groundwater in Liulin spring catchment[J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(5): 2132-2142.
[9]	蒲俊兵, 袁道先, 蒋勇军, 苟鹏飞, 殷建军. 重庆岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征及环境意义[J]. 水科学进展, 2010, 21(5):628-636. PU Junbing, YUAN Daoxian, JIANG Yongjun, GOU Pengfei, YIN Jianjun. Hydrogeochemistry and environmental meaning of Chongqing subterranean karst streams in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2010, 21(5):628-636.
[10]	管清花, 李福林, 王爱芹, 冯平, 田婵娟, 陈学群, 刘丹. 济南市岩溶泉域地下水化学特征与水环境演化[J]. 中国岩溶, 2019, 38(5):653-662. doi: 10.11932/karst20190501 GUAN Qinghua, LI Fulin, WANG Aiqin, FENG Ping, TIAN Chanjuan, CHEN Xuequn, LIU Dan. Hydrochemistry characteristics and evolution of karst spring groundwater system in Jinan[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2019, 38(5):653-662. doi: 10.11932/karst20190501
[11]	王东海, 李春, 高焰, 李大秋. 人类活动对济南泉域地下水水质的影响[J]. 中国环境监测, 2003, 19(5): 18-21. WANG Donghai, LI Chun, GAO Yan, LI Daqiu. Effect on groundwater quality of Jinan spring region by human activity[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2003, 19(5): 18-21.
[12]	万利勤. 济南泉域岩溶地下水的示踪研究[D]. 北京: 中国地质大学(北京), 2008. WAN Liqin. Trace study on karst groundwater in Jinan spring area[D]. Beijing: China University of Geosciences (Beijing), 2008.
[13]	王珺瑜, 王家乐, 靳孟贵. 济南泉域岩溶水水化学特征及其成因[J]. 地球科学, 2017, 42(5): 821-831. WANG Junyu, WANG Jiale, JIN Menggui. Hydrochemical characteristics and formation causes of karst water in Jinan spring catchment[J]. Earth Science, 2017, 42 (5): 821-831
[14]	徐慧珍, 段秀铭, 高赞东, 王庆兵, 李文鹏, 殷秀兰. 济南泉域排泄区岩溶地下水水化学特征[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2007(3): 15-19. XU Huizhen, DUAN Xiuming, GAO Zandong, WANG Qingbing, LI Wenpeng, YIN Xiulan. Hydrochemical study of karst groundwater in the Jinan spring catchment[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2007(3): 15-19.
[15]	李严, 王家乐, 靳孟贵, 马河宽, 柳浩然, 彭涛. 运用水文时间序列分析识别济南泉域岩溶发育特征[J]. 地球科学, 2021, 46(7): 2583-2593. LI Yan, WANG Jiale, JIN Menggui, MA Hekuan, LIU Haoran, PENG Tao. Hydrodynamic characteristics of Jinan karst spring system identified by hydrologic time-series data[J]. Earth Science, 2021, 46(7): 2583-2593.
[16]	高宗军, 徐军祥, 王世臣, 李常锁, 韩克, 李佳佳, 罗斐, 马河宽. 济南岩溶水微量元素分布特征及其水文地质意义[J]. 地学前缘, 2014, 21(4): 135-146. GAO Zongjun, XU Junxiang, WANG Shichen, LI Changsuo, HAN Ke, LI Jiajia, LUO Fei, MA Hekuan. The distribution characteristics and hydrogeological significance of trace elements in karst water, Jinan, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2014, 21(4): 135-146.
[17]	祁晓凡, 李文鹏, 李传生, 杨丽芝, 马瑜宏. 济南岩溶泉域地下水位于降水的趋势性与持续性[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2015, 34(11): 98-104. QI Xiaofan, LI Wenpeng, LI Chuansheng, YANG Lizhi, MA Yuhong. Trends and persistence of groundwater table and precipitation of Jinan karst springs watershed[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2015, 34(11): 98-104
[18]	迟光耀, 邢立亭, 主恒祥, 侯新宇, 相华, 邢学睿. 大气降水与济南泉水动态变化的定量关系研究[J]. 地下水, 2017, 39(1): 8-11. CHI Guangyao, XING Liting, ZHU Hengxiang, HOU Xinyu, XIANG Hua, XING Xuerui. The study of quantitative relationship between the spring water and the dynamic change of the atmospheric precipitation in Jinan[J]. Ground Water, 2017, 39(1): 8-11
[19]	李常锁, 胡爱民, 游其军, 张中祥, 王珏, 牟强. 济南泉域岩溶水水质演变趋势研究[J]. 山东国土资源, 2004, 20(1):35-38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6979.2004.01.012 LI Changsuo, HU Aimin, YOU Qijun, ZHANG Zhongxiang, WANG Jue, MU Qiang. The research into the evolvement trend of karsts water quality for fountain areas in Jinan[J]. Shandong Land and Resources, 2004, 20(1):35-38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6979.2004.01.012
[20]	李大秋, 高焰, 王志国, 王东海. 济南泉域岩溶地下水水质变化分析[J]. 中国岩溶, 2002, 21(3):202-205. LI Daqiu, GAO Yan, WANG Zhiguo, WANG Donghai. Analysis on the variations of groundwater quality in Jinan spring basin[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2002, 21(3):202-205.
[21]	高赞东, 段秀铭, 王庆兵, 徐慧珍, 殷秀兰, 李文鹏, 周仰效. 济南岩溶泉域地下水水质监测[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2008(2):10-17. GAO Zandong, DUAN Xiuming, WANG Qingbing, XU Huizhen, DUAN Xiulan, LI Wenpeng, ZHOU Yangxiao. Groundwater quality monitoring in the Jinan karstic spring basin[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2008(2):10-17.
[22]	杨丽芝, 刘春华, 祁晓凡. 济南泉水水化学特征变异研究[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2016, 27(1): 59-64. YANG Lizhi, LIU Chunhua, QI Xiaofan. Study on characteristic variation of hydro-chemistry of Jinan spring[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2016, 27(1): 59-64.
[23]	奚德荫, 孙斌, 秦品瑞. 济南泉水研究[M]. 济南: 济南出版社, 2017.
[24]	蔡五田. 济南岩溶水系统水力联系研究[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2013.
[25]	徐军祥, 李常锁, 邢立亭, 孙斌等. 济南泉水及其保护[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2020.
[26]	杨丽芝, 刘春华, 朱恒华. 济南泉域岩溶水水化学变异特征与成因探讨[C]//地学新进展-第十三届华东六省一市地学科技论坛文集, 2015.
[27]	于大潞, 郑丽爽, 于世林. 济南南部垃圾填埋场对地下水质量的影响分析[J]. 山东国土资源, 2015, 31(8): 54-57. YU Dalu, ZHENG Lishuang, YU Shilin. Influence analysis of waste landfill in southern Jinan to groundwater quality[J]. Shandong Land and Resources, 2015, 31(8): 54-57.
[28]	张春潮, 侯新伟, 李向全, 王振兴, 桂春雷, 左雪峰. 三姑泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及形成演化机制[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2021, 48(3):62-71. ZHANG Chunchao, HOU Xinwei, LI Xiangquan, WANG Zhenxing, GUI Chunlei, ZUO Xuefeng. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution mechanism of karst groundwater in the catchment area of the Sangu spring[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2021, 48(3):62-71.
[29]	王瑞久. 三线图解及其水文地质解释[J]. 工程勘察, 1983(6): 6-11. WANG Ruijiu. Piper diagram and hydrogeological interpretation[J]. Engineering Survey, 1983 (6): 6-11.
[30]	龚亚兵, 龚绪龙, 许书刚, 唐鑫, 苏东, 吴夏懿. 苏南地区地下水化学特征及演化分析[J]. 地质论评, 2022, 68(6):2207-2218. GONG Yabing, GONG Xulong, XU Shugang, TANG Xin, SU Dong, WU Xiayi. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater in southern Jiangsu[J]. Geological Review, 2022, 68(6):2207-2218.
[31]	张涛, 蔡五田, 李颖智, 张智印, 耿婷婷, 边超, 赵淼, 蔡月梅. 尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素[J]. 环境科学, 2017, 38(11): 4537-4545. ZHANG Tao, CAI Wutian, LI Yingzhi, ZHANG Zhiyin, GENG Tingting, BIAN Chao, ZHAO Miao, CAI Yuemei. Major ionic features and their possible controls in the water of the Niyang river basin[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(11): 4537-4545.
[32]	孙平安, 于奭, 莫付珍, 何师意, 陆菊芳, 原雅琼. 不同地质背景下河流水化学特征及影响因素研究:以广西大溶江、灵渠流域为例[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(1):123-131. SUN Ping'an, YU Shi, MO Fuzhen, HE Shiyi, LU Jufang, YUAN Yaqiong. Hydrochemical characteristics and influencing factors in different geological background: A case study in Darongjiang and Lingqu basin, Guangxi, China[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(1):123-131.
[33]	李巧, 周金龙, 高业新, 杜明亮, 程凡, 李丰琇, 孟奇. 新疆玛纳斯河流域平原区地下水水文地球化学特征研究[J]. 现代地质, 2015, 29(2):238-244. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.02.002 LI Qiao, ZHOU Jinlong, GAO Yexin, DU Mingliang, CHENG Fan, LI Fengxiu, MENG Qi. Groundwater hydro-geochemistry in plain of Manasi river basin, Xinjiang[J]. Geoscience, 2015, 29(2):238-244. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.02.002
[34]	刘江涛, 蔡五田, 曹月婷, 蔡月梅, 边超, 吕永高, 陈远铭. 沁河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征及成因分析[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(12):5428-5439. LIU Jiangtao, CAI Wutian, CAO Yueting, CAI Yuemei, BIAN Chao, LV Yonggao, CHEN Yuanming. Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and the origin in alluvial-proluvial fan of Qinhe river[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(12):5428-5439.
[35]	吴潇. 柳林泉岩溶水系统水文地球化学演化及污染溯源研究[D]. 武汉: 中国地质大学(武汉), 2021. WU Xiao. Hydrogeochemical evolution and pollution tracing in Liulin karst water system[D]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), 2021.
[36]	尹子悦, 林青, 徐绍辉. 青岛市大沽河流域地下水水化学时空演化及影响因素分析[J]. 地质论评, 2018, 64(4):1030-1044. YIN Ziyue, LIN Qing, XU Shaohui. Spatial-temporal variations and controlling factors of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the Dagu river basin[J]. Geological Review, 2018, 64(4):1030-1044.
[37]	梁永平, 王维泰, 赵春红, 王玮, 唐春雷. 中国北方岩溶水变化特征及其环境问题[J]. 中国岩溶, 2013, 32(1):34-42. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2013.01.006 LIANG Yongping, WANG Weitai, ZHAO Chunhong, WANG Wei, TANG Chunlei. Variations of karst water and environmental problems in North China[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2013, 32(1):34-42. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2013.01.006
[38]	张郑贤. 济南市玉符河多水源回灌补源地表水与地下水转化研究[D]. 济南: 济南大学, 2019. ZHANG Zhengxian. Study on surface water recharge groundwater with the multi-water sources in Yufu river, Jinan[D]. Jinan: Jinan University, 2019.
[39]	李凤丽, 王维平, 徐巧艺, 吴深, 张郑贤. 济南市玉符河多水源回灌岩溶水水质风险评价[J]. 中国岩溶, 2017, 36(5): 751-758. LI Fengli, WANG Weiping, XU Qiaoyi, WU Shen, ZHANG Zhengxian. Assessment of water quality risk from karst aquifer recharge with multi-source water in the Yufu river, Jinan[J]. Carsologica Sinica, 2017, 36(5): 751-758.