Study on the influencing factors of spring water in Jinan City based on wavelet transform method
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摘要: 济南市区泉水的喷涌主要受大气降水和地下水开采等因素的影响，为查明降水量和地下水开采对济南市区泉水的影响，选取济南市区、济南西郊和济南东郊的水源地十年开采量数据，以及同期市区泉水位动态观测数据和降水量数据，采用交叉小波变换、小波相干谱和多元小波相干谱的方法进行分析。结果表明：①市区泉水位与降水量、地下水开采量均存在约1 a的频域周期，市区泉水位滞后于降水量133.22 d，市区泉水位与济南西郊开采量和济南东郊开采量的响应时滞分别为125.43 d和83.85 d，济南市区泉水与济南西郊地下水、济南东郊地下水存在水力联系；②济南市区泉水位与降水量的平均小波相干值（AWC）为0.58，市区泉水位与济南西郊开采、市区开采和济南东郊开采的AWC分别为0.47、0.40和0.32，PASC分别为13.90%、16.81%和10.09%，在研究期开采条件下，降水量和岩溶地下水开采量对市区泉水位的影响明显，市区开采对市区泉水位的影响最大，济南东郊开采对市区泉水位的影响最小；③在两种影响因素的作用下，降水量和济南西郊开采量、降水量和市区开采量两种组合可以作为市区泉水位变化的最大影响因素；在三种影响因素的作用下，降水量和济南西郊开采量、市区开采量组合可以成为市区泉水位变化的最大影响因素。Abstract:
In order to find out the influence of two main factors—precipitation and groundwater exploitation—on the gushing of spring in Jinan urban area, we selected the exploitation data of the western suburb in Jinan (the water source area of Emei Mountain, Dayangzhuang and Lashan), Jinan urban area (the water source area of Quancheng road, Jiefangqiao, Yinhuchi, and Linan) and the eastern suburb in Jinan (the water source area of Huaneng road). We also selected dynamic observation data of urban spring water level and precipitation during the same period. Based on cross wavelet change, wavelet coherence spectrum and multiple wavelet coherence spectrum, we analyzed the time-lag relationship, comprehensive impact and impact degree between atmospheric precipitation, groundwater exploitation and spring water in Jinan City, in order to provide a basis for the optimal allocation of groundwater development and utilization and the promotion of spring protection in this city. The following conclusions are drawn in this study. (1) By cross wavelet transform, we analyzed the resonance period, significant period and phase relationship between the spring level and the influencing factors in the time-frequency domain. It is found that during the research period, there was a frequency domain period of about 1 year between spring water level, precipitation and exploitation quantity of groundwater. The urban spring level and precipitation passed the 95% red noise test and there was a frequency domain period of 0.69-1.16 a outside COI. In a hydrological year, the urban spring level lagged behind the precipitation for 133.22 days. When the urban spring level and groundwater exploitation passed the 95% red noise test and there was a frequency domain period of 0.82-1.23 a outside COI, the response time lag between the urban spring level and the western suburb and the eastern suburb of Jinan was 125.43 days and 83.85 days, respectively. There existed a hydraulic relationship between spring water in Jinan urban area and groundwater in the western suburb and the eastern suburb of this city. The cross wavelet transforms between urban spring level and the exploitation quantity in the western suburb of Jinan, and between the urban spring level and the exploitation quantity in the urban area also showed a dispersed low energy region of 0.39-0.58 a, and the 95% red noise test reflected the seasonal characteristics of the exploitation of Jinan water source. (2) We carried out the wavelet coherence analysis of urban spring water level, precipitation and exploitation quantity of groundwater to explore the change characteristics of urban spring water level and influencing factors in the whole period. The wavelet coherence average value (AWC) between the urban spring level and precipitation was 0.58. The AWC value between the urban spring level and the respective exploitation quantity in the western suburb, in the city area and in the eastern suburb is 0.47, 0.40 and 0.32. PASC was 13.90%, 16.81% and 10.09%, respectively. During the research period, both precipitation and karst groundwater exploitation exerted obvious effects on urban spring levels. In terms of groundwater exploitation in different locations, the urban exploitation exerted the greatest influence on the urban spring level, followed by the western suburb. The eastern suburb of Jinan was influenced least. (3) According to exploitation conditions during the research period, the combination of precipitation and exploitation quantity in the western suburb of Jinan, and its combination in the urban area were regarded as the biggest influencing factors for the change of spring water level. Under the influence of the three factors, MWC produced by the combination of precipitation and exploitation quantities in the western suburb and the urban area reached 0.91, and PASC increased by more than 5%. Under the combined action of the four influencing factors, MWC reached the maximum value of 0.94, while PASC decreased. One reason was that the PASC threshold with statistical significance increased after additional factors were added, and the other reason was that the overlapping effect caused by collinearity among influencing factors reduced the variance contribution of some factors. Therefore, the multivariate wavelet coherence spectrum showed that the combination of precipitation and the exploitation quantities in the western suburb and the urban area is the most influential factor for the change of urban spring water level under the exploitation conditions during the research period. -
图 2 趵突泉泉域1992—2001年泉水位、地下水开采量和降水量综合图表
Figure 2. Comprehensive chart of spring water level, groundwater exploitation, and precipitation in the Baotu Spring area from 1992 to 2001
图 3 市区泉水位与降水量、地下水开采量的交叉小波变换
Figure 3. Cross-wavelet transform of urban spring water level, precipitation and groundwater exploitation quantity
图 4 市区泉水位与降水量、地下水开采量的小波相干谱
Figure 4. Wavelet coherence spectrum of urban spring water level, precipitation and groundwater exploitation quantity
图 5 市区泉水位与降水量、地下水开采量的多元小波相干谱
Figure 5. Multiple wavelet coherence spectrum of urban spring water level, precipitation and groundwater exploitation quantity
表 1 趵突泉泉域降水量和泉水位、地下水开采量数据统计表
Table 1. Statistics of precipitation, spring water level and groundwater exploitation quantity in the Baotu Spring area
年份 年降水
总量/mm泉区平均
水位/m济南西郊（峨眉山、
大杨庄、腊山水源地）
日平均开采量/万m3·d−1市区（泉城路、解放桥、
饮虎池、历南水源地）
日平均开采量/万m3·d−1济南东郊（华能路
水源地）日平均
开采量/万m3·d−11992 541.10 26.22 23.26 10.45 0.00 1993 834.20 25.37 22.65 10.94 0.00 1994 872.20 27.29 25.06 11.21 0.00 1995 596.80 27.29 23.92 10.65 0.00 1996 834.00 27.47 23.00 10.58 0.00 1997 618.10 26.17 23.53 10.76 0.00 1998 772.50 26.19 22.53 11.09 1.62 1999 574.80 25.82 23.77 11.16 2.40 2000 721.20 23.84 20.81 8.99 1.83 2001 599.30 25.59 12.88 6.02 1.81 
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表 2 平均小波相干值和显著性区域面积百分比
Table 2. AWC and PASC for the wavelet coherence
变量 AWC PASC/% 变量 AWC PASC/% 市区泉水位−降水量 0.58 35.39 市区泉水位−市区开采量 0.40 16.81 市区泉水位−济南西郊开采量 0.47 13.90 市区泉水位−济南东郊开采量 0.32 10.09
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表 3 多元小波相干值和显著性区域面积百分比
Table 3. MWC and PASC for the multiple wavelet coherence
变量 MWC PASC/% 市区泉水位−降水量−济南西郊开采量 0.85 48.69 市区泉水位−降水量−市区开采量 0.83 53.42 市区泉水位−降水量−济南东郊开采量 0.81 52.53 市区泉水位−降水量−济南西郊开采量−济南东郊开采量 0.90 42.01 市区泉水位−降水量−济南西郊开采量−市区开采量 0.91 54.04 市区泉水位−降水量−济南西郊开采量−济南东郊开采量−市区开采量 0.94 48.55
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