基于多变量统计分析和水化学特征的海水入侵特征研究

刚什婷; 吕明荟; 卢茜茜; 高帅; 赵志强; 陈奂良; 彭同强; 王玺; 邢立亭; 李莉霞

doi:10.11932/karst20230509

基于多变量统计分析和水化学特征的海水入侵特征研究——以青岛市崂山区为例

doi: 10.11932/karst20230509

刚什婷^{1, 2,},
吕明荟^{1, 2, ,},
卢茜茜^{1, 2},
高帅^{1, 2},
赵志强^{1, 2},
陈奂良^{1, 2},
彭同强^{1, 2},
王玺^{1, 2},
邢立亭³,
李莉霞^{1, 2}

1.
山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队(山东省地矿工程勘察院), 山东济南 250014
2.
山东省地下水环境保护与修复工程技术研究中心, 山东济南 250014
3.
济南大学水利与环境学院, 山东济南 250022

基金项目: 山东省地矿局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队（暨山东省地下水环境保护与修复工程技术研究中心）基金项目（801KY2021-4）

详细信息

作者简介:
刚什婷（1990－），女，硕士研究生，主要从事地下水污染控制与数值模拟研究。E-mail：gangshenting@163.com

通讯作者:
吕明荟（1982－），女，工程师，主要从事水文地质研究工作。E-mail：lmhyoxiang@163.com

中图分类号: P641.3
计量
- 文章访问数: 190
- HTML浏览量: 18
- PDF下载量: 43
- 被引次数: 2
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-20
- 录用日期: 2023-08-11
- 修回日期: 2023-08-07
- 刊出日期: 2023-10-01

Characterization of seawater intrusion based on multivariate statistical analysis and water chemistry characteristics: A case study of Laoshan district, Qingdao City

GANG Shenting^{1, 2
,},
LYU Minghui^{1, 2
, ,},
LU Qianqian^{1, 2},
GAO Shuai^{1, 2},
ZHAO Zhiqiang^{1, 2},
CHEN Huanliang^{1, 2},
PENG Tongqiang^{1, 2},
WANG Xi^{1, 2},
XING Liting³,
LI Lixia^{1, 2}

1.
801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
2.
Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
3.
School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China

摘要

摘要: 沿海地区地下水环境问题日益突出，进行地下水水化学特征及演化规律的研究，能够更有效地开展地下水环境的监测和保护。以青岛市崂山区地下水为研究对象，综合运用统计分析、主成分分析、Piper图解法、HFE-D图解法、Chadha’s矩形图法等方法，对研究区海水入侵特征与地下水化学特征演化进行分析，探究地下水水化学特征及演化规律，并进一步评价了海水入侵现状。结果表明，研究区地下水以Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl⁻、 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ 为主要优势离子，地下水化学类型多为Cl·SO₄-Na型和SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg型。地下水中Cl⁻浓度变化幅度较大，且其均值超出了有无海水入侵的分界值（250 mg·L⁻¹），地下水可能发生一定程度的海水入侵；青岛市崂山区地下水呈中性至弱碱性（pH均值=7.0~8.0），是沿海地区长期的水文地球化学过程的影响；地下水化学变化主要受自然因素（岩石与水的相互作用）或人为因素（农业和家庭活动）的控制；采用反距离加权（IDW）方法，结合地理信息系统（GIS），进行海水入侵位置的空间映射，研究结果表明崂山区海水入侵主要分布于江家土寨东−浦里社区北入侵段，王哥庄−港西−港东入侵段、仰口湾入侵段、登瀛村−栲栳岛入侵段。
- 地下水 /
- 沿海含水层 /
- 水化学特征 /
- 地下水化学演化 /
- 海水入侵 /
- 青岛市崂山区
Abstract: Groundwater is an important source of freshwater in coastal areas. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the water demand for production and living in coastal areas has been rising year by year. Therefore, the increasing exploitation of groundwater has triggered seawater intrusion and increasingly prominent environmental problems of groundwater in many places. Researching the hydro-chemical characteristics and evolutionary patterns of groundwater enables effective monitoring and protection of the groundwater environment. Taking the groundwater in Laoshan district, Qingdao City as the research object, we mainly focused on the issues of groundwater chemical characteristics, groundwater chemical processes, the degree of seawater intrusion and its impact on groundwater. In addition, under the theoretical guidance of hydrogeology, we analyzed the characteristics of seawater intrusion and evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry in the study area by means of data collection, theoretical analysis, field investigation and sample collection and testing. The research findings can provide a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of groundwater in the area.The results show that the groundwater in the study area has Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, and ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ as the main dominant ions, and most of the groundwater chemistry types are Cl·SO₄-Na and SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg types. The Cl⁻ concentration in the groundwater varied considerably and its mean value exceeded the cut-off value for the presence or absence of seawater intrusion (250 mg·L⁻¹), indicating that some degree of seawater intrusion may have occurred in groundwater. Groundwater in the Laoshan district of Qingdao City is neutral to weakly alkaline (mean pH=7.0–8.0), which is an effect of long-term hydrogeochemical processes in the coastal area. The results obtained by the PCA model show that changes in groundwater chemistry are mainly controlled by natural factors (rock-water interaction) or anthropogenic factors (agricultural and domestic activities). The five chemical characteristics of Cl⁻, mineralization, ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ , γCl⁻/γHCO $_3^-$ and SAR were selected as evaluation factors. Based on the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method and geographic information systems (GIS), we achieved the spatial mapping of seawater intrusion locations, showing that the seawater intrusion, in Laoshan district was mainly distributed in the intrusion sections such as the east of Jiangjia Tuzhai—the north of Puli community, the area of Wanggezhuang-Gangxi-Gangdong, Yangkou bay and the area of Danying village-Quanzhou island. The study results are of great significance for the use of groundwater resources and the prevention and control of seawater intrusion in Laoshan district. In addition, the research ideas and methods provide a reference for the study of groundwater genesis in other coastal areas in the world.
- groundwater quality /
- coastal aquifer /
- hydrochemistry /
- chemical evolution of groundwater /
- seawater intrusion /
- Laoshan district

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图 1 研究区位置图

Figure 1. Location of the study area

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图 2 青岛崂山区水文地质略图

Figure 2. Hydrogeological sketch of Laoshan district, Qingdao

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图 3 土寨河流域水文地质剖面图A-A′

Figure 3. Hydrogeological profile(A-A′) of the Tuzhai river basin

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图 4 取样监测点位置图

Figure 4. Locations of sampling and monitoring sites

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图 5 GQI_SWI对Piper图的分区

Figure 5. Domains of GQI_SW in piper diagram

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图 6 主成分分析结果图：PC1、PC2

Figure 6. Results of principal component analysis: PC1 and PC2

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图 7 地下水水化学Piper图

Figure 7. Piper diagram of groundwater hydrochemsitry

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图 8 采样点地下水七大离子浓度占比图

Figure 8. Percentages of concentrations of the seven ions in groundwater of the sampling sites

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图 9 崂山区地下水HFE−D

Figure 9. Evolution of hydrochemical facies of groundwater in Laoshan district

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图 10 Chadha矩形水化学类型图

Figure 10. Chadha rectangle hydrochemical diagram

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图 11 青岛市崂山区海水入侵空间分布

Figure 11. Spatial distribution of seawater intrusion in Laoshan district, Qingdao City

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表 1 地下水水化学参数统计特征值（单位：mg·L⁻¹，pH除外）

Table 1. Statistics of hydrochemical parameters of groundwater (unit: mg·L⁻¹, except for pH)

分区	项目	pH	TDS	TH	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	K⁺	Na⁺	${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	Cl⁻	${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$
基岩裂隙水	Mean	7.34	998.81	380.60	94.23	34.71	1.78	199.04	104.33	135.62	385.94	35.94
	SD	0.27	2032.16	670.59	200.68	46.61	2.49	512.01	82.42	218.81	1103.45	32.57
	Cv	0.04	2.03	1.76	2.13	1.34	1.40	2.57	0.79	1.61	2.86	0.91
	Min	6.90	67.21	46.12	12.93	3.36	0.13	2.17	7.65	3.05	21.53	0
	Max	8.20	8 877.64	3 064.85	910.97	191.90	8.82	2 125.00	306.08	778.46	4 812.71	101.35
第四系孔隙水	Mean	7.20	1 435.83	554.26	88.35	81.04	12.92	277.95	108.77	235.23	560.83	69.69
	SD	0.38	3 211.69	802.72	63.12	163.27	36.36	927.56	75.61	403.37	1 722.63	67.98
	Cv	0.05	2.24	1.45	0.71	2.01	2.81	3.34	0.70	1.71	3.07	0.98
	Min	6.50	74.83	39.20	8.31	4.48	0.17	6.67	15.30	10.68	13.13	0.36
	Max	8.50	17 138.10	3 597.12	263.18	728.01	200.00	5 000.00	369.84	1 617.98	9 160.70	244.75
地表水	Mean	7.30	301.99	138.71	40.88	8.90	4.43	30.69	85.07	56.11	40.91	23.25
	SD	0.32	302.26	127.06	35.80	9.18	5.75	41.82	90.26	62.81	53.38	33.27
	Cv	0.04	1.00	0.92	0.88	1.03	1.30	1.36	1.06	1.12	1.30	1.43
	Min	6.80	91.69	48.54	15.43	2.31	0.16	4.43	27.98	19.21	7.18	5.52
	Max	7.60	814.84	351.78	100.80	24.31	12.59	103.60	243.46	165.70	132.78	82.60
注：Min为最小值，Max为最大值，Mean为平均值，SD为标准差，Cv为变异系数。 Note: Min represents minimum value; Max represents maximum value; Mean represents average value, SD represents standard deviation; Cv represents variation coefficient.

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表 2 主成分分析法组成矩阵

Table 2. Matrix formed by principal component analysis

	PC1	PC2
pH	0.007 70	0.641 80
Ca²⁺	0.270 27	−0.106 40
Mg²⁺	0.431 21	−0.056 97
K⁺	0.396 81	−0.004 19
Na⁺	0.444 05	0.006 05
${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$	0.099 17	0.482 26
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	0.414 96	−0.072 80
Cl⁻	0.447 43	−0.016 36
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$	−0.063 99	−0.579 08

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表 3 海水入侵指标的等级划分（单位/mg·L⁻¹）

Table 3. Classification of indexes of seawater intrusion (unit/mg·L⁻¹)

特征因子	I	II	III	IV
特征因子	无入侵	轻度入侵	中度入侵	严重入侵
Cl⁻	≤250	≤600	≤1 500	＞1 500
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$	≤200	≤450	≤1 200	＞1 200
M	≤1 000	≤2 000	≤3 000	＞3 000
SAR	≤2	≤3.55	≤10	＞10
γCl/γHCO₃	≤0.5	≤1.0	≤6.6	＞6.6

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