Study on the enrichment characteristics and water supply significance of karst groundwater in the Yili river basin, Wumeng Mountain area
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摘要: 岩溶地下水是乌蒙山集中连片贫困区内居民生产生活的主要水源，归纳区内地下水富集特征并探讨岩溶地下水的供水意义对于当地地下水资源勘察和开发利用具有重要的现实意义。文章针对乌蒙山以礼河中上游区域，基于现场水文地质调查，对水样进行采样和测试，并结合地下水天然资源量的计算方法，归纳总结了研究区内岩溶地下水的富集特征，并结合富水程度、供水条件和水质特征三个方面探讨了岩溶水的供水意义。研究得到以下结论：（1）研究区内岩溶地下水的富集特征可归纳为五种类型：断裂导水带、断裂溶蚀谷、条带溶蚀谷、褶皱溶蚀谷、阻水接触带；（2）富水块段内地下水化学类型以Na-HCO3型和Ca·Mg-HCO3型为主，水质整体较好，I~III类水占比为79%，超标指标主要为硝酸盐和耗氧量；（3）各富水块段地下水的天然补给量和排泄量分别为329.7~14 512.4万m3·a−1和4.6~1 308.4万m3·a−1，排泄量占补给量比值为0.3%~15.5%，区内地下水资源剩余开发潜力较大；（4）断裂溶蚀谷、条带溶蚀谷和阻水接触带供水意义显著，其余富水块段在不同程度上受限于水资源时空分配不均、不具备供水条件、水质较差等情况，其供水受到影响。Abstract:
The deepened karst development caused by its uneven development of karst and significant uplift of the Cenozoic crust results in the extremely uneven spatial and temporal distribution of karst groundwater, which makes it very difficult to extract and utilize groundwater. Therefore, understanding the enrichment law of karst groundwater is of great significance for the exploration and development of groundwater resources. Karst groundwater is the main water source for local people's production and life in the contiguous poverty-stricken area in Wumeng Mountain area, Southwest China. Hence, summarizing the characteristics of groundwater enrichment and studying the significance of karst groundwater supply can provide important references for the exploration and utilization of local groundwater resources. Firstly, this study conducted a hydrogeological survey of 1: 100,000 in the upper and middle reaches of the Yili river basin covering an area of 1,400 km2 and another survey of 1: 50,000 in Huize county of Qujing City, with an area of 450 km2. In the surveys, five types of groundwater enrichment characteristics in the study area have been identified through a comprehensive analysis of the spatial distribution and composition of karst water-bearing rock formations, the mechanism of structural groundwater control, and topography. In addition, 133 groundwater samples were collected and tested in the study area, and the main groundwater chemical types and water quality conditions of each groundwater enrichment block were analyzed. Subsequently, factors such as the distribution of watersheds, the spatial distribution and composition of water-bearing rock formations, the spatial morphology of faults and folds, and the catchment area of springs were taken into consideration to delineate the groundwater enrichment blocks corresponding to each spring or spring group. The natural recharge and discharge of groundwater in each groundwater enrichment block were calculated according to the rainfall infiltration coefficient and the total discharge. Finally, based on the previous research, the significance of groundwater supply by karst springs is concluded in terms of the groundwater abundance, supply conditions, and quality. The study results show that the enrichment characteristics of karst groundwater in the study area can be summarized into five types: fault-conducting zone, fault dissolution valley, strip dissolution valley, fold dissolution valley, and water-blocking contact zone. Besides, Na-HCO3 and Ca·Mg-HCO3 are the main groundwater chemical types in the enrichment blocks. 79% of groundwater is classified as type I to type III with nitrate and oxygen consumption as the main indicators exceeding the permitted level. Moreover, the natural recharge and discharge of groundwater in each groundwater enrichment block are 3,297,000-145,124,000 m3·a−1 and 46,000-13,084,000 m3·a−1 respectively. The ratios of discharge to recharge are 0.3%-15.5%, which indicates considerable potential of exploiting groundwater resources. Finally, the water enrichment blocks such as fault dissolution valley, strip dissolution valley, and water-blocking contact zone are of marked significance in water supply. Limited by the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater resources, shortage of water supply, poor water quality, etc., the other types of water enrichment blocks are of less significance. The research results provide a theoretical basis for ensuring water safety in poor water-scarce regions. -
图 2 断裂导水带富集特征平剖面示意图
Figure 2. Profile of enrichment characteristics in the fault-conducting zone
图 3 断裂溶蚀谷富集特征平剖面示意图
Figure 3. Profile of enrichment characteristics in the fault dissolution valley
图 4 条带溶蚀谷富集特征平剖面示意图
Figure 4. Profile of enrichment characteristics in the strip dissolution valley
图 5 褶皱溶蚀谷富集特征平剖面示意图
Figure 5. Profile of enrichment characteristics in the fold dissolution valley
图 6 阻水接触带富集特征平剖面示意图
Figure 6. Profile of enrichment characteristics in the water-blocking contact zone
图 7 富水块段水样水化学Piper图
Figure 7. Piper diagram of the hydrogeochemical characteristics in water enrichment blocks
表 1 研究区地下水水质特征汇总表
Table 1. Summary of groundwater quality in the study area
I(N1=3) II(N=8) III(N=4) IV(N=3) V(N=15) I-1(N=2) I-2(N=1) II-1(N=5) II-2(N=3) \ IV-1(N=1) IV-2(N=2) V-1 检测
参数2,3pH 7.9/0.4 7.9/0 8.0/1.9 7.9/0.9 7.9/2.1 8.2/0 7.9/0.4 7.9/1.7 K+ 495.5/24.7 80/0 13.1/122.6 1.0/12.8 0.9/33 0/0 22/100 20.6/312.8 Na+ 0/0 63.6/0 7.4/106.9 1.6/13.4 1.7/58.7 87/0 0.6/100 20.7/145.6 Ca2+ 0.3/6.5 0.6/0 9.6/196.4 49.8/14.7 39.1/8.7 0.2/0 0.4/53.2 52.4/96.7 Mg2+ 0.5/10 0.4/0 5.4/193.1 25.0/11.5 9.5/17.7 0.3/0 0.1/9.1 9.2/152.5 Cl− 2.3/2.6 3.4/0 3.2/106.5 3.1/15.3 1.9/81 1.2/0 2.5/22.9 7.2/76.7 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ 5.1/13.2 11.5/0 30.2/82 7.7/35.6 18.5/38.6 15/0 1.7/9.5 20.4/158.9 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-}$ 155.7/0 217.9/0 196.1/13.8 259.4/11.3 148.7/8.2 217.9/0 85.6/34.6 246.1/33.1 ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-}$ 4/10.6 5.8/0 5.4/158.3 10.0/21.6 2.5/91.2 1.7/0 0/0 13.3/77.2 TDS 139.8/1.3 199.3/0 205.4/18.8 221.1/11.6 148.1/11.9 190.8/0 74.4/32.4 245.2/39.1 地下水
类型Na-HCO3 Na-HCO3 Na-HCO3(N=4)
Ca·Mg-HCO3(N=1)Ca·Mg-HCO3 Ca·Mg-HCO3 Na-HCO3 Na-HCO3(N=1)
Ca·Na-HCO3(N=1)Ca-HCO3(N=9)
Na-HCO3(N=5)
Na·Mg- HCO3·SO4(N=1)地下水质
量分级III III III(N=4), IV(N=1) III(N=2), IV(N=1) I(N=1) II(N=1)
III(N=1) IV(N=1)IV III II(N=11), III(N=1)
IV(N=2), V(N=1)注：1N为样本数；2物化参数一栏中,pH无量纲，其余参数单位均为mg·L−1；3物化参数数据格式为：样本均值/变异系数（%）。
Note: 1N represents sample size. In the column of 2physicochemical parameter, pH is dimensionless; the unit of other parameters is mg·L−1. The data format of 3physicochemical parameter is sample average/coefficient of variation(%)
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表 2 研究区富水块段天然补给量计算参数取值及结果统计一览表
Table 2. Values and results of calculation parameters of the natural recharge in water enrichment blocks
富水块段 子区 入渗系数$ \alpha $ 泉域面积F/km2 多年平均降雨量H/mm Q补/万 m3·a−1 I I-1 0.33 2.22 817.7 599 I-2 0.56 3.81 1744.6 II II-1 0.41 5.26 1763.5 II-2 0.49 36.22 14512.4 III \ 0.12 21.34 2094.0 IV IV-1 0.37 4.61 1394.8 IV-2 0.21 1.92 329.7 V \ 0.52 23.13 9835.0
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表 3 研究区富水块段天然排泄量计算参数取值及结果统计一览表
Table 3. Values and results of calculation parameters of the natural discharge amount in water enrichment blocks
富水块段 子区 丰水期1 平水期2 枯水期3 Q排/
万m3·a−1Q排/
Q补系数 流量L·s−1 系数 流量L/s 系数 流量L·s−1 II II-1 3 121.4* 1.5 60.7 1 40.47 230.8 13.1% II-2 3 57.68* 1.5 28.84 1 19.23 109.6 0.7% III \ 2.5 43.84* 1.3 22.8 1 17.54 87.3 4.2% IV IV-1 2 2.1* 1.2 1.26 1 1.05 4.6 0.3% IV-2 3.5 27.4* 1.8 14.09 1 7.83 51.1 15.5% V V-1 4 721.1 2 360.55* 1 180.28 1308.4 13.3% 1丰水期为每年6月、7月、8月、9月；2平水期为每年3月、4月、5月、10月；3枯水期为每年1月、2月、11月、12月；*流量为调查实测流量
1Wet season: from June to September; 2Normal season: from March to May and October; 3Dry season: from January to February and from November to December. *The flow is the actual measurement in the survey
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表 4 各富水块段供水意义评价要素与评价结果一览表
Table 4. Evaluation elements and results of water supply significance in water enrichment blocks
富水块段 子区 评价要素 供水意义
评价结果富水程度 供水条件 水质特征 I I-1 水资源时空分配极不均，
仅雨季富水不具备天然供水条件 III类水，水质较好 较差 I-2 水资源时空分配较不均，
旱季易断流泉水经水渠流经居民区，
具备天然供水条件III类水，水质较好 较好 II II-1 良好的补给条件和
富水空间泉点位于用水户上方，
自然引流条件较好绝大部分优于III类水，
个别泉点为IV类水显著 II-2 III \ IV IV-1 良好的补给条件和
富水空间泉点自然引流用于居民
生活和灌溉用水IV类水，耗氧量超标 农业用水：较好
居民用水：较差IV-2 泉点高程较高，
附近无用水户III类水，
水质较好较差 V V-1 良好的补给条件和富水空间，
地下水资源量丰富泉点自然引流用于居民生活
和灌溉，且已修建蓄水设施大部分优于III类水，个别
泉点为IV类水和V类水显著 V-2
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